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Y4 FA - Lameness > Lameness causing foot lesions (non-infectious) 1, 2, 3 > Flashcards

Lameness causing foot lesions (non-infectious) 1, 2, 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 3 most common non-infectious foot lesions on farm

A

Sole haemorrhages/bruising
Sole ulcers
White line lesions

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2
Q

Non-infectious foot lesions are associated with what conditions?

A

Sub-clinical laminitis/SARA
Claw horn disruption lesions
Trauma/contusions within the claw horn capsule

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3
Q

What are sole haemorrhages/bruising, how do they occur?

A

Contusions of the corium
Pressure from the pedal bone
External pressures e.g. from stones, especially where the soles are thin

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4
Q

Double sole formations occurs as a result of?

A

Haemorrhage and bruising - damage to the corium

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5
Q

What are sole ulcers and how do they occur?

A
  • A more severe manifestation of haemorrhage/bruising (mainly caused by trauma/ contusions of the corium from the of the pedal bone)
  • Disrupted sole horn production
  • Exposure of the corium
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6
Q

What is the primary cause of sole ulcers and white line disease?

A

Movement of the pedal bone within the claw capsule

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7
Q

Movement of the pedal bone within the claw capsule is influenced by what factors?

A
  • Hormone changes around parturition
  • Daily lying and standing time
  • Concrete floors
  • Feed space
  • Over stocking
  • Milking time and frequency
  • Access to stalls and stall design/dimension
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8
Q

Which hormones at parturition are linked to movement of the pedal bone?

A

Relaxin and oestrogen

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9
Q

What is the role of the digital cushion?

A

Protects the corium from trauma inflicted by the pedal bone

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10
Q

Which factors affect the digital cushion?

A
  • BCS
  • Stage of lactation
  • Milk production
  • Parity
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11
Q

What are the consequences of claw overgrowth?

A

Causes an imbalance on the weightbearing surface
Results in overloading of the claw and intra-claw capsule trauma

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12
Q

Claw horn overgrowth is affected by which 3 factors?

A

Confinement
Concrete floors
Wet floors

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13
Q

How are sole haemorrhages and ulcers treated?

A

Functional trimming (Dutch method, 5 steps)
Block unaffected claw
NSAIDs

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14
Q

Describe the features of white line lesions

A
  • White line disease/
  • White line abscesses
  • Separation, stones/manure
  • Associated with shearing/sideways forces on the feet
  • Claw overload
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15
Q

How are white line lesions treated?

A

Functional trimming
Remove detached horn
Block unaffected claw
NSAIDs
Antibiotcs?

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16
Q

What is the objective of corrective foot trimming?

A

Change the microenvironment from an anaerobic to an aerobic

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17
Q

Describe the technique of corrective foot timming

A
  • Remove all loose, undermined and necrotic horn
  • Avoid damage to the peripheral corium tissues
  • Adjust weight bearing
  • Apply foot block to elevate injured claw, prevent repeated trauma and to promote healing
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18
Q

List the risk factors for non-infectious lameness

A
  • Cow comfort
  • Stocking densities
  • Feed barrier space
  • Milking frequency/duration
  • Floor surfaces
  • Tracks
  • Animal handling
  • Over trimming
  • Calving period
  • Age
  • Nutrition
  • Genetics
19
Q

Describe how cow comfort acts as a risk factors for non-infectious lameness

A
  • Lying/ standing on concrete times can be a game changer
  • You need comfortable, well designed cubicles to ensure that cows will lie down for 12-14 hours a day
  • Dimensions
  • Bedding materials
20
Q

Which bedding options are best for cow comfort?

A
  • Deep sand is best!
  • Mats or mattresses another option
21
Q

Describe how stocking density acts as a risk factors for non-infectious lameness

A
  • Overcrowding will lead to increased standing times and more aggressive interactions between cows
22
Q

In straw yards what is the space requirement per cow?

A

10 square meters

23
Q

Describe how feed barrier space acts as a risk factors for non-infectious lameness

A
  • Commonly inadequate in three rows pens
  • Cows like doing things together
  • Becomes even more important during the transition period!!
  • 76 cm yokes, one per cow in the group
  • At least 70 cm per cow (when not using yokes)
24
Q

Describe how milking frequency/duration acts as a risk factors for non-infectious lameness

A
  • 3 times milking will increase the standing/ walking times
  • Long waiting combined with overcrowding in the collecting yard is a problem
  • Bad cow flow/ sharp corners (sometimes when exiting the parlour)
25
Q

Describe how floor surfaces acts as a risk factors for non-infectious lameness

A

Concrete is not ideal (but becomes a necessary evil)
Gets worse when constantly wet/ covered with slurry
Gets even worse when it is also slippery

26
Q

Describe how tracks as a risk factors for non-infectious lameness

A
  • Wet, muddy tracks
  • Sharp stones and gravel
27
Q

Describe how animal handling acts as a risk factors for non-infectious lameness

A

Aggressive behaviour towards cows should not be tolerated
Cows that are too fearful is an indication

28
Q

Describe how calving acts as a risk factors for non-infectious lameness

A
  • Weakening of the connective tissue of the claw suspensory apparatus
  • Increased susceptibility to sole ulcers and white line disease
29
Q

Describe how age/parity acts as a risk factors for non-infectious lameness

A

Older cows are more likely to be lame
Repeatability of all major lesions
Calving is a risk factor anyway

30
Q

Describe how nutrition acts as a risk factors for non-infectious lameness

A
  • Acidosis, SARA and the links with laminitis: high concentrates intakes have been associated with increased lameness risk
  • Deficiencies
  • Biotin
  • Protein content of the diet
  • The role of lipids in the diet
31
Q

Describe how BCS acts as a risk factors for non-infectious lameness

A
  • Lame cows get thin (lower DMI)
  • Early studies showing that BCS loss or low BCS is a risk factor for lameness
  • BCS < 2.25 at calving -> Increased lameness risk
  • Great BCS loss was also found to be a risk factor
  • Maintaining BCS ≥2.5 is optimal for reducing the risk of lameness
32
Q

What is the transition period?

A

Period between late pregnancy and early lactation (also called the periparturient period)

33
Q

What are the main risks of the transition period?

A
  • Most infectious diseases and metabolic disorders occur during this time
  • Immunosuppression during the periparturient period leads to increased susceptibility to mastitis
  • Apart from all that transition cows can be more susceptible to lameness
34
Q

List the factors that make cows in the transition period more susceptible to lameness

A
  • Reduced DMI, fat mobilization
  • Calving effects
  • Cow comfort becomes even more important!
  • Diet changes
  • Inflammation!!
35
Q

How can you control claw horn destructive lesions?

A
  • Identify risk factors and improve conditions
  • Early treatment of clinical cases
  • Routine functional foot trimming
  • Transition cow management/ manage inflammation
  • Genetic selection?
  • Monitor progress (if you can measure it you can manage it)
36
Q

Interdigital hyperplasia may be cause by?

A

Chronic skin irritation

37
Q

How is interdigital hyperplasia treated?

A

Surgical removal under anaesthesia

38
Q

Toe ulcer/necrosis is caused by?

A

Over wear/over trimming of the toe sole

39
Q

What are the consequences of a toe ulcer/necrosis becoming infected?

A

Osteomyelitis/ pathological fracture of the pedal bone

40
Q

How is a toe ulcer/necrosis treated?

A

Trim/ block unaffected claw
Partial or full digital amputation

41
Q

What are the causes of deep digital sepsis?

A
  • Untreated foul in the foot
  • Complicated sole ulcers
  • Untreated white line abscesses
  • Puncture wounds
42
Q

How is deep digital sepsis treated?

A

Amputation?
Euthanasia?
Arthrodesis?

43
Q

Where is a retrobulbar abscess located?

A

Above the heel bulb

44
Q

Describe a corkscrew claw

A

Dorsal edge of claw wall deviates from a straight line

Y4 FA - Lameness (5 decks)

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