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1
Q

When a person hyperventilates they exhale more CO2 than normal. What happens to the pH of the blood when a person is hyperventilating? and hypoventilates?

A

Hyper (not enough CO2) - pH raises and becomes more basic
Hypo (too much CO2)- pH lowers and becomes more acidic

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2
Q

Label B (line going up from D), C (ball-shaped next to the line) , D (line from brain)

A

B is thalamus, C is Cerebellum, D is medulla oblongata

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3
Q

Which hormones are secreted by the adrenal cortex?

A

Aldosterone, Cortisol, Androgens and estrogens

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4
Q

Name 2 of the 3 secretory products of the cells in this organ (pancreas)

A

Glucagon, Insulin, Somatostatin

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5
Q

When testing the plantar reflex, describe the Babinski’s sign response

A

For infants: positive response is Toes up, Extensor plantar response, toes fanning out

For adults: the positive response is the toes should flex downward (plantar flexion) in response to this stimulation.

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6
Q

What are two examples of a disorder when neurulation goes wrong?

A

Spina Bifida, Ancephaly

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7
Q

Identify the structures pointed to by the red arrows (she wont be really asking this)

A

oocytes

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8
Q

Consider the pedigree of a recessive trait. Is the trait autosomal or sex-linked?

A

Sex-linked, females are shaded to be carriers in diagram

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9
Q

What stage of meiosis is this? (2 cells, separating from one another)

A

Meiosis II, Anaphase II

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10
Q

True or False: Agglutination can occur when type A blood is given to a person with Type O blood

A

True

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11
Q

When calcium levels are low, what gland is stimulated, and what hormone is secreted? Does Osteoclast activity increase or decrease as a result?

A

Gland: Parathyroid
Hormone: PTH
Increase osteoclast activity

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12
Q

Match the functions

A. Receptor
B. Efferent neuron
C. Effector
D.Afferent Neuron

  1. Executes the response of the reflex
  2. Conducts the signal to the spinal cord
  3. Detects the appropriate stimulus
  4. Carries the signal away from the spinal cord
A

A –> 3
B –> 4
C –> 1
D –> 2

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13
Q

The _______ perform(s) the excretory and homeostatic functions of the urinary system

A

Kidneys

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14
Q

During what phase does crossing over occur?

A

Meiosis I Prophase I

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15
Q

The pedigree below tracks the presence of attached earlobes through a family’s generation. Having attached earlobes is an autosomal recessive trait.

If the individual III-6 (all carry the disorder) married a man homozygous for unattached earlobes, what can you say about their offspring?

A

The kids will 100% have unattached earlobes

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16
Q

What structure is presented by the arrow labeled A and its function? (squiggly lines)

A

Alveoli, increase surface area for gas exchange

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17
Q

Label the left and right side of this organ (pituitary gland, the left is darker and the right is lighter)

A

Left - Anterior pituitary (darker)
Right - Posterior pituitary (lighter)

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18
Q

Reproductive system of a human male, label 2, 3, and 4

A

2 - testis
3 - epididymis
4 - vas deferens

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19
Q

Give 2 examples of antagonistic pairs of muscles

A

Biceps and Triceps
Back and Chest
Abs and Lower back
Shoulders and chest/back
Hamstrings and quadriceps
Abductor and adductor

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20
Q

When blood leaves the aorta it will distribute oxygenated blood all over the body. Eventually, the blood will load up on CO2. How does this deoxygenated blood return to the heart?

A

Through the Vena Cava

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21
Q

Name two abnormal urinary constituents

A

Glucose, albumin, ketone bodies, RBC, hemoglobin, nitrites, bile pigments, WBC, kidney stones

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22
Q

Name the type of bone i am pointing to on the skull (bone goes down the middle of the skull)

A

Sutures bone

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23
Q

Identify the circled blood cell and indicate under what category it falls under. (the cell has 4 dark circles in it)

A

Neutrophil, Granulocytes

ALM
GBEN

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24
Q

Identify the gland(s) depicted below. Top and bottom (bottom is dark tiny circles and the top is light with larger circles)

A

Top - Thyroid (lighter and more bigger circle gaps)
Bottom - Parathyroid (darker and little circle gaps)

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25
Q

What is the name of the tool used to test reflexes?

A

Reflex Hammer

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26
Q

What makes up the appendicular skeleton? the axial skeleton?

A

Appendicular: Pectoral girdle, pelvic girdile
Upper and lower limbs

Axial: Skull, chest and vertebral column

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27
Q

Identify the following stages:

A
B
C
D

A

A. Early gastrula
B. 2 cell cleavage
C. Blastula
D. 4 cell cleavage

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28
Q

True or False: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is released by the hypothalamus into the bloodstream

A

True

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29
Q

Give the pathway of electrical conduction in the heart

A

SA Node –> AV Node –> Bundle of His –> Purkinje Fibers

“Stab A Big Pickle” acrostic

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30
Q

A Girl is searching for her father and she has type O blood. She looks through records of men who could be her father. Which blood type can she eliminate from her search? (Her dad cannot be what blood type) explain how you know this

A

Type AB,

The woman is blood type A, but we know her genotype must be Ao (not AA) because she has a daughter with blood type O. That means the daughter got an o allele from each parent.

That’s why dad must have at least one o. He could have three possible blood types (O, A, or B) with one genotype for each (oo, Ao, or Bo). The father cannot be blood type AB because then he couldn’t give his daughter an o allele.

31
Q

Gray seed color in peas is dominant to white. Assume that Mendel conducted a series of experiments where plants with gray seeds were crossed among themselves, and the following progeny were produced: 302 gray and 98 white.
(a) What is the most probable genotype of each parent?

A

Gg × Gg

32
Q

Which phase of the cell division is characterized by the formation of chiasmata between bivalent chromosomes as the nuclear membrane disintegrates?

a. Prometaphase I of meiosis
b. Prophase of mitosis
c. Telophase I of meiosis
d. Metaphase I of meiosis

A

Prometaphase I of meiosis

33
Q

What causes the heart sounds lub (s1) and dub (s2)?

A

S1 - AV (atrioventricular) valve closing
S2 - SL (semilunar) valve closing

34
Q

Homologous chromosomes bound to each are called

A

Tetrad

35
Q

Name the four chambers of the heart

A

Left and right atrium and ventricle

36
Q

Label the bones’ epiphysis and diaphysis (long bone)

A

the epiphysis is the ends
the diaphysis is the long middle part

37
Q

In humans, the ____ is the structural basis on which the mesoderm migrates to form the body stalk or umbilical cord

A

Allantois

38
Q

How many unique gametes could be produced through independent assortment by an individual with the genotype AaBbCCDdEE

A

8

39
Q

The cells of the blastocyst that will form the embryonic body are called the ____

A

Inner Cell Mass (ICM)

40
Q

what is divided to split the brain into left and right

A

cerebrum

41
Q

What do alpha and beta cells produce in the pancreas?

A

Alpha - glucagon, elevates blood glucose
Beta - Insulin, blood glucose-lowering hormone

42
Q

Urine test, what did it test for

A

search up the different colors

43
Q

When do the homologous separate

A

Meiosis I Anaphase I

44
Q

Monosynaptic pathway reflex

A
  1. Receptor - detects the stimulus
    carry that to the spinal cord which is
  2. Afferent neuron - (sensory neuron)
    -interneuron
  3. motor neuron
  4. effector - muscle response
45
Q

Polysynaptic reflex pathway

A
  1. receprtor
  2. afferent neuron
  3. interneuron
  4. efferent neuron
46
Q

different monosynaptic reflexes

A

biceps brachii reflex
triceps brachii reflex
patellar reflex
calcaneal reflex
plantar reflex

47
Q

what do they test for in amniocentesis?

A

white blood cells and fetal cells - taking sample from amniotic fluid

48
Q

another way to check for disorder in a fetus?

A

chorionic villus sampling - taking a sample of tissue from the placenta to test for chromosomal abnormalities

49
Q

Urine formation pathway

A
  1. filtration
  2. Reabsorption
  3. Secretion
  4. excretion
50
Q

Thyroid gland: T3 and T4 _____ metabolic rate

A

increases

51
Q

T3&T4 are _____cells

A

follicular cells

52
Q

Calcitonin - ____ high calcium levels in blood

A

reduces

53
Q

Calcitonin is ____ cells (C-cells)

A

parafollicular cells

54
Q

Adrenal Cortex

  1. Zona Glomerulosa - (hormone it secrets name) - (hormone function)
  2. Zona Fasiculata - (hormone it secrets name) - (hormone function)
  3. Zona reticulata - (hormone it secrets name) - (hormone function)
A
  1. aldostenone, Na+ retention K+ excertion
  2. Cortisol, Stress response and fat/protein breakdown
  3. sex steroids (androgen/estrogen), grow secondary sex characteristics
55
Q

3 types of hormones in endocrine system

A
  1. peptide
  2. steroid (lipid)
  3. amino acid derived
56
Q

Endocrine vs Exocrine gland

A

Endocrine - makes hormones
Exocrine - makes enzymes and nonhromones

57
Q

Anterior pituitary hormones:

FLAT PEG
Tropic Direct

A

F - FSH - Follicle growth
L - LH - ovulation secretion of testosterone
A - ACTH - releases cortisol and androgens
T - TSH - secrets thyroid hormones

P - prolactin - milk synthesis
E - endorphins - hormones released when body feels pain/pleasure/stress
G - GH - growth hormone

58
Q

Posterior Pituitary secretes what two hormones?

A

ADH - water retention by kidneys
Oxytocin - Sexual satisfaction

59
Q

What are tropic and direct hormones

A

Tropic - targets other endocrine glands in order to increase or decrease hormone production
Direct - act on non endocrine tissues

60
Q

What hormones are secreted by the medulla or cortex portion of the adrenal gland?

A

The adrenal cortex produces, aldosterone (Sodium retention in the body), cortisol (stress hormone), and androgens and estrogen (sex hormones).

The adrenal medulla controls hormones that initiate the flight or fight response. The main hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla include epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline), which have similar functions

61
Q

___ cells surrond colliods in the thyroid

A

Follicular

62
Q

Aldosterone is a steroid hormone synthesized in and secreted from the ___ layer of the adrenal cortex, also known as the zona ________.

A

outer layer, glomerulosa

63
Q

Excretion of Urine pathway

A

Kidney –> Ureter –> urinary baldder –> urinary bladder –> urethra

64
Q

The liver converts ___ into urea

A

NH3

65
Q

The kidney filter out ___ into urine

A

urea

66
Q

in the urine system, what is reabsorbed?

A

water, salt, amino acides, chloride

67
Q

water is reabsorbed where

A

nephron loop, along the proximal tubule

68
Q

Peritubular network ____ the nutrients you need

A

reabsorbs

69
Q

3 functions of the urine system

A
  1. excrete wastes such as urea and uric acid
  2. maintain water-salt balance in blood
  3. maintain acid-base balance of blood
70
Q

what are the 3 steps in the cardiac cycle

A
  1. atrial systole
  2. ventricle systole
  3. diastole

Systole - contractions
Diastole - relaxation

71
Q

What organ is consdiered to be a double pump and why?

A

the heart is a double pump is bc your heart pumps twice, the first pump carries oxygen-poor blood to your lungs. The second pump delivers oxygen-rich blood to every part of your body.

72
Q

What node is considered a pacemaker?

A

SA node bc it generates an electrical signal that causes the upper heart chambers (atria) to contract.

73
Q

Major Muscles of Upper Limb and Lowe Limbs

A

Major Muscles of Upper Limb
Triceps brachii
Biceps Brachii

Major Muscles of Lower Limb Gluteus maximus
Sartorius
Quadriceps group (4 muscles together)

Bio Lab Practical 2 (1 decks)

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