labs practical Flashcards
When a person hyperventilates they exhale more CO2 than normal. What happens to the pH of the blood when a person is hyperventilating? and hypoventilates?
Hyper (not enough CO2) - pH raises and becomes more basic
Hypo (too much CO2)- pH lowers and becomes more acidic
Label B (line going up from D), C (ball-shaped next to the line) , D (line from brain)
B is thalamus, C is Cerebellum, D is medulla oblongata
Which hormones are secreted by the adrenal cortex?
Aldosterone, Cortisol, Androgens and estrogens
Name 2 of the 3 secretory products of the cells in this organ (pancreas)
Glucagon, Insulin, Somatostatin
When testing the plantar reflex, describe the Babinski’s sign response
For infants: positive response is Toes up, Extensor plantar response, toes fanning out
For adults: the positive response is the toes should flex downward (plantar flexion) in response to this stimulation.
What are two examples of a disorder when neurulation goes wrong?
Spina Bifida, Ancephaly
Identify the structures pointed to by the red arrows (she wont be really asking this)
oocytes
Consider the pedigree of a recessive trait. Is the trait autosomal or sex-linked?
Sex-linked, females are shaded to be carriers in diagram
What stage of meiosis is this? (2 cells, separating from one another)
Meiosis II, Anaphase II
True or False: Agglutination can occur when type A blood is given to a person with Type O blood
True
When calcium levels are low, what gland is stimulated, and what hormone is secreted? Does Osteoclast activity increase or decrease as a result?
Gland: Parathyroid
Hormone: PTH
Increase osteoclast activity
Match the functions
A. Receptor
B. Efferent neuron
C. Effector
D.Afferent Neuron
- Executes the response of the reflex
- Conducts the signal to the spinal cord
- Detects the appropriate stimulus
- Carries the signal away from the spinal cord
A –> 3
B –> 4
C –> 1
D –> 2
The _______ perform(s) the excretory and homeostatic functions of the urinary system
Kidneys
During what phase does crossing over occur?
Meiosis I Prophase I
The pedigree below tracks the presence of attached earlobes through a family’s generation. Having attached earlobes is an autosomal recessive trait.
If the individual III-6 (all carry the disorder) married a man homozygous for unattached earlobes, what can you say about their offspring?
The kids will 100% have unattached earlobes
What structure is presented by the arrow labeled A and its function? (squiggly lines)
Alveoli, increase surface area for gas exchange
Label the left and right side of this organ (pituitary gland, the left is darker and the right is lighter)
Left - Anterior pituitary (darker)
Right - Posterior pituitary (lighter)
Reproductive system of a human male, label 2, 3, and 4
2 - testis
3 - epididymis
4 - vas deferens
Give 2 examples of antagonistic pairs of muscles
Biceps and Triceps
Back and Chest
Abs and Lower back
Shoulders and chest/back
Hamstrings and quadriceps
Abductor and adductor
When blood leaves the aorta it will distribute oxygenated blood all over the body. Eventually, the blood will load up on CO2. How does this deoxygenated blood return to the heart?
Through the Vena Cava
Name two abnormal urinary constituents
Glucose, albumin, ketone bodies, RBC, hemoglobin, nitrites, bile pigments, WBC, kidney stones
Name the type of bone i am pointing to on the skull (bone goes down the middle of the skull)
Sutures bone
Identify the circled blood cell and indicate under what category it falls under. (the cell has 4 dark circles in it)
Neutrophil, Granulocytes
ALM
GBEN
Identify the gland(s) depicted below. Top and bottom (bottom is dark tiny circles and the top is light with larger circles)
Top - Thyroid (lighter and more bigger circle gaps)
Bottom - Parathyroid (darker and little circle gaps)
What is the name of the tool used to test reflexes?
Reflex Hammer
What makes up the appendicular skeleton? the axial skeleton?
Appendicular: Pectoral girdle, pelvic girdile
Upper and lower limbs
Axial: Skull, chest and vertebral column
Identify the following stages:
A
B
C
D
A. Early gastrula
B. 2 cell cleavage
C. Blastula
D. 4 cell cleavage
True or False: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is released by the hypothalamus into the bloodstream
True
Give the pathway of electrical conduction in the heart
SA Node –> AV Node –> Bundle of His –> Purkinje Fibers
“Stab A Big Pickle” acrostic
A Girl is searching for her father and she has type O blood. She looks through records of men who could be her father. Which blood type can she eliminate from her search? (Her dad cannot be what blood type) explain how you know this
Type AB,
The woman is blood type A, but we know her genotype must be Ao (not AA) because she has a daughter with blood type O. That means the daughter got an o allele from each parent.
That’s why dad must have at least one o. He could have three possible blood types (O, A, or B) with one genotype for each (oo, Ao, or Bo). The father cannot be blood type AB because then he couldn’t give his daughter an o allele.
Gray seed color in peas is dominant to white. Assume that Mendel conducted a series of experiments where plants with gray seeds were crossed among themselves, and the following progeny were produced: 302 gray and 98 white.
(a) What is the most probable genotype of each parent?
Gg × Gg
Which phase of the cell division is characterized by the formation of chiasmata between bivalent chromosomes as the nuclear membrane disintegrates?
a. Prometaphase I of meiosis
b. Prophase of mitosis
c. Telophase I of meiosis
d. Metaphase I of meiosis
Prometaphase I of meiosis
What causes the heart sounds lub (s1) and dub (s2)?
S1 - AV (atrioventricular) valve closing
S2 - SL (semilunar) valve closing
Homologous chromosomes bound to each are called
Tetrad
Name the four chambers of the heart
Left and right atrium and ventricle
Label the bones’ epiphysis and diaphysis (long bone)
the epiphysis is the ends
the diaphysis is the long middle part
In humans, the ____ is the structural basis on which the mesoderm migrates to form the body stalk or umbilical cord
Allantois
How many unique gametes could be produced through independent assortment by an individual with the genotype AaBbCCDdEE
8
The cells of the blastocyst that will form the embryonic body are called the ____
Inner Cell Mass (ICM)
what is divided to split the brain into left and right
cerebrum
What do alpha and beta cells produce in the pancreas?
Alpha - glucagon, elevates blood glucose
Beta - Insulin, blood glucose-lowering hormone
Urine test, what did it test for
search up the different colors
When do the homologous separate
Meiosis I Anaphase I
Monosynaptic pathway reflex
- Receptor - detects the stimulus
carry that to the spinal cord which is - Afferent neuron - (sensory neuron)
-interneuron - motor neuron
- effector - muscle response
Polysynaptic reflex pathway
- receprtor
- afferent neuron
- interneuron
- efferent neuron
different monosynaptic reflexes
biceps brachii reflex
triceps brachii reflex
patellar reflex
calcaneal reflex
plantar reflex
what do they test for in amniocentesis?
white blood cells and fetal cells - taking sample from amniotic fluid
another way to check for disorder in a fetus?
chorionic villus sampling - taking a sample of tissue from the placenta to test for chromosomal abnormalities
Urine formation pathway
- filtration
- Reabsorption
- Secretion
- excretion
Thyroid gland: T3 and T4 _____ metabolic rate
increases
T3&T4 are _____cells
follicular cells
Calcitonin - ____ high calcium levels in blood
reduces
Calcitonin is ____ cells (C-cells)
parafollicular cells
Adrenal Cortex
- Zona Glomerulosa - (hormone it secrets name) - (hormone function)
- Zona Fasiculata - (hormone it secrets name) - (hormone function)
- Zona reticulata - (hormone it secrets name) - (hormone function)
- aldostenone, Na+ retention K+ excertion
- Cortisol, Stress response and fat/protein breakdown
- sex steroids (androgen/estrogen), grow secondary sex characteristics
3 types of hormones in endocrine system
- peptide
- steroid (lipid)
- amino acid derived
Endocrine vs Exocrine gland
Endocrine - makes hormones
Exocrine - makes enzymes and nonhromones
Anterior pituitary hormones:
FLAT PEG
Tropic Direct
F - FSH - Follicle growth
L - LH - ovulation secretion of testosterone
A - ACTH - releases cortisol and androgens
T - TSH - secrets thyroid hormones
P - prolactin - milk synthesis
E - endorphins - hormones released when body feels pain/pleasure/stress
G - GH - growth hormone
Posterior Pituitary secretes what two hormones?
ADH - water retention by kidneys
Oxytocin - Sexual satisfaction
What are tropic and direct hormones
Tropic - targets other endocrine glands in order to increase or decrease hormone production
Direct - act on non endocrine tissues
What hormones are secreted by the medulla or cortex portion of the adrenal gland?
The adrenal cortex produces, aldosterone (Sodium retention in the body), cortisol (stress hormone), and androgens and estrogen (sex hormones).
The adrenal medulla controls hormones that initiate the flight or fight response. The main hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla include epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline), which have similar functions
___ cells surrond colliods in the thyroid
Follicular
Aldosterone is a steroid hormone synthesized in and secreted from the ___ layer of the adrenal cortex, also known as the zona ________.
outer layer, glomerulosa
Excretion of Urine pathway
Kidney –> Ureter –> urinary baldder –> urinary bladder –> urethra
The liver converts ___ into urea
NH3
The kidney filter out ___ into urine
urea
in the urine system, what is reabsorbed?
water, salt, amino acides, chloride
water is reabsorbed where
nephron loop, along the proximal tubule
Peritubular network ____ the nutrients you need
reabsorbs
3 functions of the urine system
- excrete wastes such as urea and uric acid
- maintain water-salt balance in blood
- maintain acid-base balance of blood
what are the 3 steps in the cardiac cycle
- atrial systole
- ventricle systole
- diastole
Systole - contractions
Diastole - relaxation
What organ is consdiered to be a double pump and why?
the heart is a double pump is bc your heart pumps twice, the first pump carries oxygen-poor blood to your lungs. The second pump delivers oxygen-rich blood to every part of your body.
What node is considered a pacemaker?
SA node bc it generates an electrical signal that causes the upper heart chambers (atria) to contract.
Major Muscles of Upper Limb and Lowe Limbs
Major Muscles of Upper Limb
Triceps brachii
Biceps Brachii
Major Muscles of Lower Limb Gluteus maximus
Sartorius
Quadriceps group (4 muscles together)
