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Cardiopulmonary Diagnostics > Labs and EKGs > Flashcards

Labs and EKGs Flashcards

1
Q

2 major hematology tests

A

CBC

Coagulation

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2
Q

Complete Blood Count (CBC)

A 
Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Thrombocytes
Hemoglobin (Hb)
Hematocrit (Hct)
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3
Q

Red Blood Cells (RBC) are

A

Erythrocytes

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4
Q

RBC primary function is to carry oxygen. The normal range is

A

4 - 6 million cells/ul (microliter)

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5
Q

RBC < 4

A

Anemic - Loss of blood or bone marrow production decreased

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6
Q

RBC > 6

A

Polycythemia - overstimulation of bone marrow

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7
Q

Hematocrit normal range

A

40 - 50%

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8
Q

Increased hematocrit

A

Dehydration or polycythemia

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9
Q

Decreased hematocrit

A

Hypovolemia, fluid overload, anemia

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10
Q

Hemoglobin (Hb) normal range

A

12 - 16 g/dl

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11
Q

Increased hemoglobin (Hb)

A

Polycythemia

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12
Q

Decreased hemoglobin (Hb)

A

Anemia

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13
Q

White Blood Cells (WBC) are

A

Leukocytes

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14
Q

WBC normal range

A

5,000 - 10,000 mm3

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15
Q

Increased WBC

A

Leukocytosis

Infection, stress, trauma

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16
Q

Decreased WBC

A

Leukopenia

Immunodeficiency produced in bone marrow

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17
Q

Neutropenia

A

Decrease in WBC due to a decrease in neutrophils

Caused by bone marrow failure, chemotherapy or leukemia, or when cells are destroyed rapidly

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18
Q

WBC Differential

A 
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Lymphocytes
Basophils
Monocytes
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19
Q

Neutrophils normal range

WBC Differential

A

40 - 70% of total WBC

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20
Q

Neutrophils

A

1st to attack infection
Produced in bone marrow
Phagocytosis
Attacks acute bacterial infection and trauma

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21
Q

Eosinophils normal range

WBC Differential

A

0 - 6% of total WBC

Allergic Reactions, cause yellow sputum

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22
Q

Basophils normal range

WBC Differential

A 
0 - 1% of total WBC
Allergic Reactions (asthma), release
23
Q

Bands

A

Immature cells, neutrophils
0 - 6% of WBC
Increases with bacterial infection

24
Q

Segs

A

Mature cells
40 - 75%
Decreases with bacterial infection

25
Q

Differential Test

A

Shows values of all WBC to determine where infection lies

26
Q

Monocytes normal range

WBC Differential

A

2 - 10%

In lungs, monocytes convert into macrophage, clears foreign material through phagocytosis (see infections like TB)

27
Q

Lymphocytes normal range

WBC Differential

A

No number to remember
2 types
T and B cells
reduces with immunodeficiency

28
Q

T-lymphocytes

A

“T” Thymus

Act against tumor cells and cells infected with viruses

29
Q

B-Cells

A

“B” Bursa

Produce antibodies that help phagocytes to recognize foreign material

30
Q

Thrombocytes normal range

A

Platelet count 150,000 - 440,000 mm3

31
Q

Platelet

A

Can be seen in bone marrow disease

DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation) < 20 internal organ bleed

32
Q

Prothrombin Time normal range

A

9.0 - 13 seconds
Tests how long for blood to clot
Measures time plasma forms fibrin clot
Tests effects of coumadin (warfarin)

33
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

Low platelet count

34
Q

Blood Chemistry Test

A

Electrolyte Concentration
Used to assess dehydration, nutritional status, side effects of drugs
Venous sampling
Na+, K+, Cl-, HCO3-

35
Q

Sodium (Na) normal range

A

137 - 147 mEq/L
electrolyte positive charge
regulated by kidneys

36
Q

Hypernatremia

A

From loss of water, dehydration or decreased intake

37
Q

Hyponatermia

A

Excessive water or sodium loss
ex) diuretics, diarrhea, CHF, burn victims
Causes confusion, decreased LOC, muscle twitch, seizure

38
Q

Potassium (K) normal range

A

3.5 - 4.8 mEq/L

39
Q

Hypokalemia

A 
With diuretics, vomitting, diarrhea, 
Weakened cardiac muscle
Decreased CO and Flatten T wave
Shift from extra to intracellular
Water space due to metabolic acidosis
40
Q

Hyperkalemia

A

T waves peak, nausea, irritability, fatigue, dehydration, dietary intake/IV infusion

41
Q

Chloride (CL) normal range

A

98 - 105 mEq/L

negative charge

42
Q

Hypochloremia

A

Renal, long use of diuretics, COPD, metabolic alkalosis

43
Q

Anion Gap normal range

A

8 - 16 mEq/L

>16 lactic acidosis (lack of O2), ketoacidosis (low insulin), cause metabolic acidosis

44
Q

Sweat Chloride Test

A

> 60 - 80 mEq/L
Diagnostic for CF
Results in high levels of Na and Cl

45
Q

BUN normal range

Renal Function Test

A

7 - 20 mg/dl
Blood Urea Nitrogen
Urea is byproduct of metabolism and excreted through kidneys
If kidneys quit, urea is not excreted
Urea is also affected by protein intake, hormones and hyrdrations status

46
Q

Creatnine normal range

Renal Function Test

A

0.7 - 1.3 mg/dl
Waste product excreted by kidney
More specific for kidney failure than BUN

47
Q

BNP

A

How well ventricles are working (CHF, Left)
Ideal BNP < 100
>100 cardiac
<100 pulmonary

48
Q

ALT

Serum Enzyme

A

Liver enzyme (hepatitis)

49
Q

LDH

Serum Enzyme

A

Heart, liver, brain, kidneys

Increased with pulmonary infarction

50
Q

CK

Serum Enzyme

A

Increased post MI
Increased muscle damage skeletal Heart
also weight lifting
surgery procedures

51
Q

Troponin

Serum Enzyme

A

Rise within first 4 hours after MI

Increased contractility of muscle

52
Q

Amylase/Lipase

Serum Enzyme

A

Enzyme produces by pancreas

53
Q

Albumin normal range

Serum Enzyme

A

3.5 - 4.8 g/dl
Decreased level loss of fluid from vascular spaces
Edema, maintain osmotic pressure between blood vessel and tissue, keeps water within vascular space
Hypoalbumin: poor nutrition, liver disease

54
Q

Glucose normal range

A

70 - 105 mg/dl (fasting)
Blood glucose creates energy
Hyperglycemia occurs from Type II diabetes (ketoacidosis, Kussmaul’s breathing)
Hypoglycemia caused by too much insulin produced by pancreas

Cardiopulmonary Diagnostics (6 decks)

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