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Anatomy Lab Practical 2 > Labs 7-13 > Flashcards

Labs 7-13 Flashcards

1
Q

Which has the most profound effect on respiration?

A

H+

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2
Q

What happens to the rate and depth of breathing when a subject breaths into a paper bag?

A

Rate slows, depth deepens

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3
Q

Why does one breathe into a paper bag to treat hyperventilation?

A

Puts lost CO2 back into lungs

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4
Q

Name at least 5 different functions of the liver

A
  1. Process nutrients
  2. Stores sugars
  3. Produces bile
  4. Production of cholesterol
  5. Protein synthesis
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5
Q

What part of the pancreas is involved with digestion and how?

A

Exocrine glands of the pancreas that produce enzymes important for digestion

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6
Q

What are kupffer cells of the liver?

A

Resident liver macrophages that play a role in removing protein complexes, small particles, and bile ducts

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7
Q

What is the portal triad of the liver?

A

Portal vein, hepatic artery, bile ducts

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8
Q

What is the function of the greater omentum?

A

Prevents parietal and visceral peritoneum from adhering to one another

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9
Q

What is the function of the gallbladder?

A

Stores bile

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10
Q

What cells of the stomach produce HCL?

A

Gastric parietal cells

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11
Q

What substances can be absorbed into the bloodstream from the stomach?

A

Glucose simple sugars, amino acids, some fats

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12
Q

What determines if a substance can or cannot be absorbed in the stomach?

A

pH

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13
Q

Which cells produce pepsinogen?

A

Chief cells

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14
Q

Name in order the three sections of the small intenstine

A

Duodenum –> jejunum –> illeum

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15
Q

Where dos most digestion and absorption take place?

A

Jejunum

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16
Q

What is the purpose of the villi of the intestines?

A

Absorption, increases surface area to make absorption easier

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17
Q

What part of the small intestine do you see Peyer’s Patches in?

A

Illeum

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18
Q

Name the parts of the colon

A
  1. Ascending
  2. Cecum
  3. Transverse
  4. Descending
  5. Sigmoid
  6. Rectum
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19
Q

What are the functions of the large intenstine?

A

Absorb water and salt, excretion

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20
Q

How is the stomach protected from the acid it produces?

A

Mucus, bicarbonate barrier

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21
Q

What is the function of the pancreas?

A

Make enzymes to breakdown

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22
Q

What happened with starch and amylase incubated at 37C?

A

Full digestion of starch by amylase enzyme, all sugar left

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23
Q

For starch, a blue-black color indicated what versus a brown color?

A

Blue-black = positive starch test, brown = negative starch test

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24
Q

For sugar, a green-orange color indicated what versus a blue color?

A

Green-orange = positive sugar test, blue = negative sugar test

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25
What happened with trypsin + BAPNA at 37C?
Most complete digestion of protein, darkest yellow
26
What happened with lipase + litmus cream at 37C?
Turned fully pink which means most digestion, purple means least amount of digestion
27
Why is fat absorbed differently from other foods?
Carbohydrates are water soluble and can easily pass through watery environment of digestive tract, fats are not water soluble
28
Mouth enzymes?
1. Salivary amylase 2. Salivary lipase
29
Stomach enzymes?
1. Pepsin 2. Gastric lipase
30
Small intestine enzymes?
1. Brush border enzymes 2. Trypsin 3. Amino peptidase
31
What is the significance of consistently high levels of glucose in the urine?
High levels of glucose = high levels of blood glucose = diabetes
32
What is albumninuria?
Sign of kidney disease and means that you have too much albumin in your urine
33
What is ketonuria?
Excretion of abnormally large amounts of ketone bodies in urine, characteristics of diabetes
34
What is hematuria?
Blood in urine
35
What is pyuria?
The presence of pus in urine typically from bacterial infection
36
What type of cells are the walls of the renal tubules composed of?
Cuboidal epithelial cells
37
What part of the kidney has microvilli?
Proximal convoluted tubule
38
What are the four steps of urine formation?
1. Glomerular formation 2. Reabsorption 3. Secretion 4. Water reabsorption
39
What factors contribute to filtration pressure in the glomerulus?
1. Blood colloid osmotic pressure 2. Glomerular blood pressure 3. Capsule pressure
40
Describe the two types of reabsorption of substances from the renal tubules
1. Active absorption: Occurs in PCT, amino acids, glucose, nutrients, minerals, uses ATP 2. Passive absorption: water, urea, Cl-
41
What part of the renal tubule is permeable to water?
Proximal tubule and descending limb of loop of Henle
42
What part of the renal tubule is not permeable to water?
Ascending limb of loop of Henle
43
What type of epithelium lines the bladder and why?
Transitional so it can stretch
44
How do the kidneys contribute to blood pressure and pH control?
Kidney secretion of H+ raises urine pH and lowers blood pH
45
pH less than 7.35?
Acidosis
46
pH greater than 7.45?
Alkalosis
47
0-14 which is basic which acidic?
0 = acidic 14 = basic
48
What is an acid and what is a base?
Acid donates H+ Base accepts H+
49
What is the carbonic acid equation?
CO2 + H20 --> H2CO3 --> HCO3- + H+
50
What happens to pH if CO2 accumulates in the body?
Increasing CO2 in the blood = more H+ = lower ions
51
How does the kidney contribute to acid-base regulation (renal compensation)
Their cells reabsorb bicarbonate from the urine back to the blood and they secrete H+ into the urine
52
Trace the pathway of sperm through female reproductive tract
1. Vagina 2. Cervix 3. Uterus 4. Fallopian tubes 5. Egg
53
What is the function of the interstitial cells?
Fill gaps between seminiferous tubules, produce testosterone
54
Function of FSH?
Sperm and egg development, stimulates semiferous tubules
55
Function of LH?
Release of egg from hormones, stimulates interstitial cells
56
Function of ABP?
Enhance the spermatogenesis cells ability to bind to testosterone, stimulating spermatogenesis
57
Function of inhibin?
Comes from sustentacular cells, gage of amount of sperm - inhibits sperm, high sperm count = high inhibin
58
What are the two processes that make up the menstrual cycle?
1. Follicular phase 2. Luteal phase
59
What cells produce estrogen in the ovary?
Granulosa cells
60
What cells produce progesterone in the ovary?
Granulosa cells
61
The surge of what causes ovulation?
LH
62
What is the corpus luteum?
Produces progesterone that makes uterus a healthy environment for a developing fetus
63
What produces HCG and what is its function?
Produced by syntiotrophoblastic cells of placenta, stimulates corpus luteum to produce progesterone
64
What type of blood is carried by umbelical vein?
Oxygenated blood from placenta to the baby
65
What type of blood is carried by umbelical artery?
Deoxygenated blood from baby to the placenta
66
What propels the egg to the uterus and how long does it take?
Tiny muscles in fallopian tubes and cilia, takes 4 days to reach uterus
67
Where does fertilization of the egg occur?
Uterus
68
What is the role of the placenta?
To supply oxygen and nutrients to fetus

Anatomy Lab Practical 2 (1 decks)

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