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Anatomy Lab Practical 2 > Labs 7-13 > Flashcards

Labs 7-13 Flashcards

1
Q

Which has the most profound effect on respiration?

A

H+

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2
Q

What happens to the rate and depth of breathing when a subject breaths into a paper bag?

A

Rate slows, depth deepens

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3
Q

Why does one breathe into a paper bag to treat hyperventilation?

A

Puts lost CO2 back into lungs

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4
Q

Name at least 5 different functions of the liver

A
  1. Process nutrients
  2. Stores sugars
  3. Produces bile
  4. Production of cholesterol
  5. Protein synthesis
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5
Q

What part of the pancreas is involved with digestion and how?

A

Exocrine glands of the pancreas that produce enzymes important for digestion

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6
Q

What are kupffer cells of the liver?

A

Resident liver macrophages that play a role in removing protein complexes, small particles, and bile ducts

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7
Q

What is the portal triad of the liver?

A

Portal vein, hepatic artery, bile ducts

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8
Q

What is the function of the greater omentum?

A

Prevents parietal and visceral peritoneum from adhering to one another

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9
Q

What is the function of the gallbladder?

A

Stores bile

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10
Q

What cells of the stomach produce HCL?

A

Gastric parietal cells

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11
Q

What substances can be absorbed into the bloodstream from the stomach?

A

Glucose simple sugars, amino acids, some fats

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12
Q

What determines if a substance can or cannot be absorbed in the stomach?

A

pH

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13
Q

Which cells produce pepsinogen?

A

Chief cells

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14
Q

Name in order the three sections of the small intenstine

A

Duodenum –> jejunum –> illeum

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15
Q

Where dos most digestion and absorption take place?

A

Jejunum

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16
Q

What is the purpose of the villi of the intestines?

A

Absorption, increases surface area to make absorption easier

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17
Q

What part of the small intestine do you see Peyer’s Patches in?

A

Illeum

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18
Q

Name the parts of the colon

A
  1. Ascending
  2. Cecum
  3. Transverse
  4. Descending
  5. Sigmoid
  6. Rectum
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19
Q

What are the functions of the large intenstine?

A

Absorb water and salt, excretion

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20
Q

How is the stomach protected from the acid it produces?

A

Mucus, bicarbonate barrier

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21
Q

What is the function of the pancreas?

A

Make enzymes to breakdown

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22
Q

What happened with starch and amylase incubated at 37C?

A

Full digestion of starch by amylase enzyme, all sugar left

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23
Q

For starch, a blue-black color indicated what versus a brown color?

A

Blue-black = positive starch test, brown = negative starch test

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24
Q

For sugar, a green-orange color indicated what versus a blue color?

A

Green-orange = positive sugar test, blue = negative sugar test

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25
Q

What happened with trypsin + BAPNA at 37C?

A

Most complete digestion of protein, darkest yellow

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26
Q

What happened with lipase + litmus cream at 37C?

A

Turned fully pink which means most digestion, purple means least amount of digestion

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27
Q

Why is fat absorbed differently from other foods?

A

Carbohydrates are water soluble and can easily pass through watery environment of digestive tract, fats are not water soluble

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28
Q

Mouth enzymes?

A
  1. Salivary amylase
  2. Salivary lipase
29
Q

Stomach enzymes?

A
  1. Pepsin
  2. Gastric lipase
30
Q

Small intestine enzymes?

A
  1. Brush border enzymes
  2. Trypsin
  3. Amino peptidase
31
Q

What is the significance of consistently high levels of glucose in the urine?

A

High levels of glucose = high levels of blood glucose = diabetes

32
Q

What is albumninuria?

A

Sign of kidney disease and means that you have too much albumin in your urine

33
Q

What is ketonuria?

A

Excretion of abnormally large amounts of ketone bodies in urine, characteristics of diabetes

34
Q

What is hematuria?

A

Blood in urine

35
Q

What is pyuria?

A

The presence of pus in urine typically from bacterial infection

36
Q

What type of cells are the walls of the renal tubules composed of?

A

Cuboidal epithelial cells

37
Q

What part of the kidney has microvilli?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

38
Q

What are the four steps of urine formation?

A
  1. Glomerular formation
  2. Reabsorption
  3. Secretion
  4. Water reabsorption
39
Q

What factors contribute to filtration pressure in the glomerulus?

A
  1. Blood colloid osmotic pressure
  2. Glomerular blood pressure
  3. Capsule pressure
40
Q

Describe the two types of reabsorption of substances from the renal tubules

A
  1. Active absorption: Occurs in PCT, amino acids, glucose, nutrients, minerals, uses ATP
  2. Passive absorption: water, urea, Cl-
41
Q

What part of the renal tubule is permeable to water?

A

Proximal tubule and descending limb of loop of Henle

42
Q

What part of the renal tubule is not permeable to water?

A

Ascending limb of loop of Henle

43
Q

What type of epithelium lines the bladder and why?

A

Transitional so it can stretch

44
Q

How do the kidneys contribute to blood pressure and pH control?

A

Kidney secretion of H+ raises urine pH and lowers blood pH

45
Q

pH less than 7.35?

A

Acidosis

46
Q

pH greater than 7.45?

A

Alkalosis

47
Q

0-14 which is basic which acidic?

A

0 = acidic
14 = basic

48
Q

What is an acid and what is a base?

A

Acid donates H+
Base accepts H+

49
Q

What is the carbonic acid equation?

A

CO2 + H20 –> H2CO3 –> HCO3- + H+

50
Q

What happens to pH if CO2 accumulates in the body?

A

Increasing CO2 in the blood = more H+ = lower ions

51
Q

How does the kidney contribute to acid-base regulation (renal compensation)

A

Their cells reabsorb bicarbonate from the urine back to the blood and they secrete H+ into the urine

52
Q

Trace the pathway of sperm through female reproductive tract

A
  1. Vagina
  2. Cervix
  3. Uterus
  4. Fallopian tubes
  5. Egg
53
Q

What is the function of the interstitial cells?

A

Fill gaps between seminiferous tubules, produce testosterone

54
Q

Function of FSH?

A

Sperm and egg development, stimulates semiferous tubules

55
Q

Function of LH?

A

Release of egg from hormones, stimulates interstitial cells

56
Q

Function of ABP?

A

Enhance the spermatogenesis cells ability to bind to testosterone, stimulating spermatogenesis

57
Q

Function of inhibin?

A

Comes from sustentacular cells, gage of amount of sperm - inhibits sperm,

high sperm count = high inhibin

58
Q

What are the two processes that make up the menstrual cycle?

A
  1. Follicular phase
  2. Luteal phase
59
Q

What cells produce estrogen in the ovary?

A

Granulosa cells

60
Q

What cells produce progesterone in the ovary?

A

Granulosa cells

61
Q

The surge of what causes ovulation?

A

LH

62
Q

What is the corpus luteum?

A

Produces progesterone that makes uterus a healthy environment for a developing fetus

63
Q

What produces HCG and what is its function?

A

Produced by syntiotrophoblastic cells of placenta, stimulates corpus luteum to produce progesterone

64
Q

What type of blood is carried by umbelical vein?

A

Oxygenated blood from placenta to the baby

65
Q

What type of blood is carried by umbelical artery?

A

Deoxygenated blood from baby to the placenta

66
Q

What propels the egg to the uterus and how long does it take?

A

Tiny muscles in fallopian tubes and cilia, takes 4 days to reach uterus

67
Q

Where does fertilization of the egg occur?

A

Uterus

68
Q

What is the role of the placenta?

A

To supply oxygen and nutrients to fetus

Anatomy Lab Practical 2 (1 decks)

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