Labs Flashcards
Recall vs recognition memory
recognition = prompted, associated with context of encoding
recall = mental search of information
accuracy of LT memory - word list – design & variables
- within subjects
- 6 lists of 15 words - semantically linked
- Independent variable = type of word
- in lists
- not in lists (control)
- not in lists (‘lure’)
- Dependent variable = confidence rating
accuracy of LT memory - word list – hypothesis/finding
Participants will have
higher confidence
ratings for the new list-related words (lures)
than for new, non-list-related words
accuracy of LT memory - False Fame – design and variables
- within subjects
- 90 names
- 40 famous
- 50 not
- 25 new
- 25 pre-exposed
- Independent variable = Type of name
- Famous
- Not famous, new
- Not famous, old (preexposed)
- Dependent variable = Percent guessed as ‘famous’
accuracy of LT memory - false fame – hypothesis/finding
Participants will label
more of the pre-exposure
non-famous names as
‘famous’, than the
completely new non-famous names
summary of accuracy of LT memory experiements
Experiment
* We reconstruct our memories rather than simply record and play back
Experiment 2
* Forgetting the source of a memory can lead to memory inaccuracies
allocentric vs egocentric space
allocentric = observer
independent, relies on identifiable environmental features/landmarks, and their relationship to other environmental features
egocentric = observer
dependent, observer’s movement through
environment/their spatial relationship to environmental features
2 Types of Spatial Information
Location Based = Fixed point references
Movement Based= Generated by own movements
Piloting
- Location based
- hidden target
- Current position estimated by distance and direction from landmarks
Beacon Homing
- when you get close
- travelling directly towards a fixed landmark
Effect of terrain on distance estimation
uphill = more perceived effort = over estimate distance
Timing mental processes - subtraction method
- time full sequence of events (like getting up and going to uni)
- time full sequence of events but don’t do the one of interest (e.g. skip brekkie)
- subtract the changed one from the full one = time for event of interest (e.g. brekkie)
Assumptions of the Subtraction Method
- Assumption of Seriality - There must be no overlap of tasks
- Assumption of Independence - Removal of one task does not affect
other tasks
Processes that make up the choice reaction time task
- Detect Stimulus: Is there something there?
- Identify Stimulus: What stimulus is there?
- Select Response: Which finger should I respond with?
- Execute Response: Press the appropriate key.
Processes that make up a Go/No Go Task
- Detect Stimulus: Is there something there?
- Identify Stimulus: What stimulus is there?
- (No need to select response.)
- Execute Response: Press the appropriate key.
Processes that make up a
Simple reaction time Task
- Detect Stimulus: Is there something there?
- (No need to identify stimulus.)
- (No need to select response.)
- Execute Response: Press the appropriate key.
signal detection theory - radiologist example - HIT
Hit = is there, radiologist says
signal detection theory - radiologist example - CORRECT REJECTION
Correct rejection = not there, radiologist says
signal detection theory - radiologist example - FALSE ALARM
false alarm = radiologist says it is there, but actually isn’t
– negative side effects of chemo unnecessary
signal detection theory - radiologist example - MISS
is there, radiologist says no
- miss out on treatment
YES bias
= more hits, more false alarms
= less misses, less correct rejections
NO bias
= less hits, less false alarms
= more misses, more correct rejections
response criterion symbol
(c)
-c
yes bias
+c
no bias
sensitivity
- d prime
= how accurately you can tell the difference between noise and noise + stimulus conditions
what influences sensitivity
- signal (e.g. size of waldo)
- receptor (e.g. eyesight)
- alterness
High d prime
= little/no uncertainty
- e.g. big waldo, glasses on, paying attention
- more accuracy, less bias
- c = 0
Low d prime
= much uncertainty
- e.g. black and white, glasses off, sleep deprived
- implicit response bias occurs
- -c or +c
how do we calculate d?
hit - false alarm
Attributes of an EEG Trace (4)
Frequency, Amplitude, Direction, Latency
What is an event-related potential?
- pattern of changes in electrical activity following event
Stimulus Time-Locking
- The EEG is recorded at the same time for each stimulus presentation or trial
- These sections of EEGs are averaged so that we can eventually see the ERP to our stimulus
Why do we average ERPs?
- Usually can’t see the ERP among the rest of random neuronal noise
- We present the stimulus many times and record the ERP for each presentation
- The ERP remains the same size for all the recordings but the random noise averages out so we can see the shape and the size of the ERP in the EEG after averaging over all the presentations
