Labs

Question 1

Operant conditioning

Answer 1

Behaviour has consequences that change our future behaviour (example: a ‘bad’ behaviour has negative consequences and is therefore not repeated)

Question 2

Localisation of function: Occipital lobe

Answer 2

Visual processing

Question 3

Parietal lobe

Answer 3

Spatial information processing

Question 4

Frontal lobe

Answer 4

Planning, initiation of behaviours, motor cortex

Question 5

Temporal lobe

Answer 5

Auditory processing, memory

Question 6

Lateralisation of function

Answer 6

Each hemisphere of the brain is specialised for different cognitive functions

Question 7

Left hemisphere specialised for:

Answer 7

Language, morse code, maths, free movements during speech, etc.

Question 8

Right hemisphere specialised for:

Answer 8

Spatial abilities (depth perception), face recognition, visual imagery, melodic patterns (can recognise music), perception of emotion, etc.

Question 9

Ley & Bryden 1979

Answer 9

Found that images shown to the left visual field had the emotion judged correctly more often; evidence for lateralisation of emotion in the right hemisphere of the brain

Question 10

Heller & Levy 1981

Answer 10

Found faces were perceived as happier when the smiling half of the face was presented to the participant’s left visual field (evidence for greater specialisation for perception of emotion in the right hemisphere)

Question 11

Bierley, Mcsweeney, & Vannieuwkerk 1985

Answer 11

Repeatedly paired a coloured shape (NS) with the Star Wars theme song (US) for Star Wars fans; found that preference ratings for the coloured shapes were higher compared to other stimuli

Question 12

Stuart, Shimp, & Engle 1987

Answer 12

Found that attitudes were more positive for the forward conditioning group than the backwards conditioning group; concluded that forward conditioning was more effective than backwards conditioning for influencing consumer attitudes

Question 13

Cumulative recorder

Answer 13

Graph of responses from a conditioning experiment

Question 14

Extinction schedule

Answer 14

Behaviour is neither reinforced or punished, used to decrease the rate of a behaviour

Question 15

Schedule control

Answer 15

Behaviour is influenced by the schedule or schedules of reinforcement used; different reinforcement schedules produce different patterns of responding

Question 16

Discriminative stimulus

Answer 16

Stimulus associated with a particular schedule of reinforcement

Question 17

Compound stimulus

Answer 17

Stimulus the animal is responding to is actually a combination of stimuli (for example: light and tone)

Question 18

Discrimination training

Answer 18

The training of an organism to behave differently in response two or more different stimuli

Question 19

Shaping

Answer 19

The training of people or animals to produce target behaviour through successive approximations

Question 20

Successive approximations

Answer 20

Initially reinforce actions similar to target behaviour, but as behaviour gets closer to the target only the target behaviour is rewarded

Question 21

Three-term contingency

Answer 21

1. Antecedent (what leads to the behaviour)
2. Behaviour
3. Consequence

Question 22

Condry & Condry 1976

Answer 22

Found that the ‘boy’ was rated as higher emotion than the ‘girl’; evidence for observer bias (what we expect to see influences our interpretation of the behvaiour we observe)

Question 23

Woods et al. 1998

Answer 23

Found thta observers evaluated infant more negatively if it was thought they had been exposed to cocaine; observers’ view of infant was affected by preconceived notions of the effects of cocaine

Question 24

Rosenthal & Jacobson 1968

Answer 24

Kids labelled as ‘intellectual bloomers’ had higher scores on end-of-year IQ test than first IQ test; label influenced how others (such as teachers) perceived their intelligence and the attention they devoted to them