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Labs Flashcards

1
Q

Lowers blood sugar levels

A

Insulin

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2
Q

Elevates blood sugar levels

A

Glucagon

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3
Q

3 P’s of Diabetes

A

POLYURIA-increased urination
POLYPHAGIA-increased appetite
POLYDIPSIA-increased thirst

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4
Q

Lowers blood glucose levels

A

Insulin

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5
Q

How long does HbA1c measure serum glucose control

A

2-3 months

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6
Q

HbA1C Values

A

< 7%= good control & BG lower than 170
8-9%= fair control take action
>9%= poor control over past 2-3 months

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7
Q

Liver Function Tests aka LFTs

A

AST- 0-35 units/L
ALT- 4-36 units/L
ALP- 30-120 units/L

If levels elevated: indicates liver damage, disease or failure

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8
Q

Elevated ammonia levels=

A

Decreased liver function and toxic to the brain

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9
Q

BUN measures

A

BOTH:
LIVER: evaluates the metabolic function of the liver
KIDNEY: evaluates the excretory function of the kidney

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10
Q

Elevated BUN causes

A

Renal disease and or failure, dehydration

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11
Q

Low BUN causes

A

Liver failure, over-hydration

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12
Q

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

A

Is the rate (speed) at which the glomeruli are filtering blood amd making urine

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13
Q

2 ways to determine a patients GFR

A

Blood sample: estimated GFR
Urine & blood sample: Creatinine Clearance

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14
Q

BEST test for kidney function

A

Creatinine Clearance

Levels decrease as kidney function worsens

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15
Q

Serum creatinine level

A

0.6–1.2
We want to see low creatinine levels showing the kidneys have filtered it out

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16
Q

Creatinine Clearance (~120 mL/min

A

We want to see high levels meaning there is alot of creatinine in the urine so kidneys have removed it from the body/blood via the urine

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17
Q

BNP

A

Monitor/identify chronic heart failure &
The higher the level of BNP, the more severe thr CHF

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18
Q

Lipid panel measures

A

Total amount of Cholesterol/Lipids within the blood

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19
Q

Lipid panel includes

A

Total Cholesterol
HDL
LDL
Triglycerides

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20
Q

LDL-low

A

Bad cholesterol, we want these numbers LOW

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21
Q

HDL-high

A

Good cholesterol, we want these numbers HIGH

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22
Q

2 roles of pancreas

A

1) release hormones to manage blood glucose

2) release enzymes to break down food

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23
Q

Pancreatic Labs

A

Amylase 60-120 units/mL
Lipase 0-160 units/mL
(Enzymes created by the pancreas to assist with breaking down food)

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24
Q

Inflammatory Markers

A

ESR <20mm/hour & CRP <10mg/L
will be elevated with bacterial infections or cancer (malignant diseases)

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25
Q

When is lactic acid produced

A

When there is a decrease in oxygen to the tissues (tissue hypoxia)

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26
Q

CTA (CT Angiogram)

A

Visualizes blood vessels to show narrowed or blocked areas of vessels
Ex: aneurysm, blockages, PE

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27
Q

MRI

A

Detailed images of inside the body, no radiation

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28
Q

How do clotting factors correlate with liver function?

A

If liver isn’t functioning correctly then we have an increased risk of bleeding

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29
Q

Labs to assess Liver Function

A

AST
ALT
ALP
Bilirubin
Total Protein
Ammonia
PT, PTT and INR

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30
Q

If patient has liver failure lab trend:

A

AST,ALT,ALP, Bilirubin= ELEVATED
Albumin & Total Protein= DECREASED
Ammonia= INCREASED
PT, PTT, INR= PROLONGED

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31
Q

Kidney function Labs

A

BUN
Serum Creatinine
eGFR
Creatinine Clearance

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32
Q

Kidney failure lab trend

A

BUN, Serum Creatinine= ELEVATED
eGFR= WE WANT LESS THAN 60
Creatinine Clearance= the lower the # the better the kidneys are functioning

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33
Q

BMP (Chem-8) (8 labs in the panel)

A

Sodium
Potassium
Chloride
CO2 Content (aka Bicarbonate)
Glucose
BUN
Creatinine
Calcium
eGFR
Anion Gap

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34
Q

BMP (Chem 8) measures:

A

Electrolyte & fluid balances
kidney function
glucose levels

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35
Q

CMP–all labs within a BMP plus the following:

A

AST
ALT
ALP
Bilirubin
Albumin
Total Protein

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36
Q

CMP evaluates

A

How well the liver is functioning:
Metabolism of bodily substances
Synthesis of plasma proteins
Formation of Bilirubin

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37
Q

CBC

A

White blood cells
Red blood cells
Hemoglobin
Hematocrit
Platelets
MCV
MCH
MCHC
RDW

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38
Q

CBC w/Diff–all parts of CBC w/analysis of WBC components:

A

Result as a %, all 5 will equal 100%:
Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Basophils
Result as physical #:
Neutrophils Absolute
Lymphocytes Absolute
Monocytes Absolute
Eosonophils Absolute
Basophils Absolute

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39
Q

This test analyzes the amount of each leukocyte present

A

CBC w/Diff (an increase in one type of leukocyte means a decrease in another)

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40
Q

Causes of low Albumin

A

Malnutrition (no protein/amino acids available for the liver to make the Albumin)

Impaired liver function (liver unable to synthesize the Albumin)

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41
Q

Ammonia

A

Waste product of digestion

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42
Q

The liver takes ammonia amd turns it into

A

Urea nitrogen

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43
Q

Bilirubin

A

Waste product produced by the breakdown of hemoglobin and
Excreted in bile (made by liver)

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44
Q

What medication will alter and prolong PT/INR?

A

Warfarin

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45
Q

What medication will alter and prolong PTT?

A

Heparin

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46
Q

If a patient has liver disease we expect

A

Prolonged coagulation study values

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47
Q

If a pt taking Warfarin is within the therapeutic range for INR, are they at a risk for bleeding?

A

Yes, prolonged but taken to avoid clots

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48
Q

REMEMBER: !

A

If PT, INR, or PTT are above normal range, the bleeding times are longer and the pt is at increased risk for bleeding because it takes blood longer to clot!

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49
Q

Heparin

A

Anticoagulant given to prolong clotting time and reduce clots

We expect the PTT to be increased (therapeutic range)

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50
Q

Warfarin

A

Anticoagulant given to prolong clotting time and reduce clots

We expect the PT/INR to be increased

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51
Q

Therapeutic Range

A

The medicine is working as it should in the correct range that is not in the normal range for this type of patient

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52
Q

If a pt has a prolonged PT/INR was is the risk?

A

Bleeding

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53
Q

5 types of leukocytes

A

Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Basophils

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54
Q

Leukopenia

A

Decreased WBC Count

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55
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

Decreased platelet count

56
Q

Thrombocytosis

A

Elevated platelet count

57
Q

Erythropenia

A

Reduced number of RBCs, and H&H

58
Q

Erythrocytosis

A

Increased number of RBCs, and H&H

59
Q

Blood pH

A

7.35-7.45

60
Q

PCO2 (acid) lungs

A

35-45 mm Hg

61
Q

HCO3 (Bicarbonate (base) -kidneys

A

20-26 mEq/L

62
Q

Phosphate

A

Forms bones and teeth
Used by cell for energy
Builds cell membranes

63
Q

Phosphate is the bodies form of

A

Phosphorous

64
Q

Phosphate is stored in the

A

Bones

65
Q

Role of chloride

A

Maintains the body’s acid base balance (pH levels)
Moves fluid in and out of the cells

66
Q

Magnesium and Calcium

A

Go hand in hand, imbalances are usually accompanied by eachother

67
Q

Role of magnesium

A

Critical in nearly all metabolic processes

Works with calcium for proper function of excitable cells: cardiac and smooth muscle and nerve cells

68
Q

How does Vitin D get to its active form?

A

The kidneys

69
Q

If the kidneys aren’t working, can they activate Vitamin D?

A

No

70
Q

Calcium can only be absorbed from the intestines in the presence of

A

Vitamin D

71
Q

Role of Calcium

A

Essential for proper functioning of excitable muscle cells
Promotes cardiac and smooth muscle contraction
Helps maintain normal heart rhythm
Blood vessel constriction
Keeps bones/teeth strong

72
Q

Where is calcium stored

A

Bones and teeth

73
Q

Role of potassium

A

Important for the function of all muscles: cardiac, skeletal and smooth muscle
K kills

74
Q

Role of Sodium ( ALWAYS THINK BRAIN)

A

Keeps appropriate fluid balance within body

Optimal cell function especially the central nervous system

75
Q

Water follows

A

Sodium
Sodium imbalances are often associated with fluid imbalances

76
Q

Electrolytes (6) include:

A

Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium
Chloride
Phosphate

77
Q

Sodium

A

136-145
<120
>160

78
Q

Potassium

A

3.5-5
<3
>6.1

79
Q

Chloride

A

98-106
<80
>115

80
Q

CO2

A

23-30
<10
>40

81
Q

Glucose

A

74-106
<40
>450

82
Q

BUN

A

10-20
>100

83
Q

Creatinine (Crt)

A

0.6-1.2
>4

84
Q

eGFR

A

> 60 mL/min

85
Q

Total Calcium

A

9.0-10.5
<6
>13

86
Q

Anion Gap

A

12-16

87
Q

Total Protein

A

6.4- 8.3

88
Q

Albumin

A

3.5-5

89
Q

Bilirubin

A

0.3-1.0
>12

90
Q

ALP

A

30-120

91
Q

AST

A

0-35

92
Q

ALT

A

4-36

93
Q

WBCs

A

5,000-10,000
<2,000
>40,000

94
Q

RBCs

A

4.2-6.1

95
Q

Hemoglobin

A

12-18
<7
>21

96
Q

Platelet count

A

150,000-400,000
<20,000
>1 million

97
Q

PTT

A

60-70 seconds

98
Q

PT

A

11-12.5 seconds

99
Q

INR

A

0.8- 1.1

100
Q

D-Dimer

A

<500

101
Q

ESR

A

<20 mm/hr

102
Q

CRP

A

<10mg/L

103
Q

Creatinine Clearance

A

About 120mL/min

104
Q

GFR

A

About 120mL/min

105
Q

Amylase

A

60-120 units/mL

106
Q

Lipase

A

0-160 units/L

107
Q

HGBA1C

A

4-6%
Good <7%
Fair 8-9%
Poor >9%

108
Q

TSH

A

0.3-5.0

109
Q

Total T3

A

40-205 ng/dL

110
Q

Free T4

A

0.8-2.8 ng/dL

111
Q

Total T4

A

4-12 mcg/dL

112
Q

HDL

A

> 45

113
Q

LDL

A

<130

114
Q

Triglycerides

A

40-160

115
Q

Total Cholesterol

A

<200

116
Q

Magnesium

A

1.3-2.1
<0.5
>3

117
Q

Phosphate

A

3-4.5
<1

118
Q

Lactic Acid

A

0.6-2.2
Critically high >4

119
Q

Troponin

A

<0.03

120
Q

CKMB

A

0

121
Q

BNP

A

<100

122
Q

Digoxin

A

0.8-2.0

123
Q

Rapid acting insulins

A

Humalog-Insulin Lispro
Novolog- insulin Aspart
“Logs roll rapidly down hill”

124
Q

Cool and clammy eat some candy

A

Hypoglycemia

125
Q

High and dry, sugar high

A

Hyperglycemia

126
Q

What is hypovolemia?

A

Decreased volume of circulating blood

127
Q

B12 levels

A

Normal 200-900
B12 is not absorbed if no intrinsic factor

128
Q

Vegetarians are short in

A

B12

129
Q

Filgrastim (neupogen)

A

Bone marrow stimulant -given IM to produce neutrophils

130
Q

Neutrophils become low from

A

Chemo

131
Q

Hematocrit

A

37%-52%

132
Q

Neutrophils
Bands
Segments

A

55-70%
2.8-3.6%
52.2-66.4%

133
Q

Antibodies are the

A

Fighters

134
Q

+Blood can receive

A

+ & -

135
Q

O can only receive

A

O Blood

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