labs 1-5 Flashcards
total mag calculation
objective mag X ocular mag
resolution
minimum distance that 2 points can be seperated and still distinquished as separate points
numercial aperture
measure of lens ability to capture light coming from the specimen and use it to make image
resolution calculation
d= (0.5)l/NA
of average wavelength
550 nm
working distance
distance between specimen and objective lens
field of view
area you can see thru lens
parfocal
remains in focus after rotating
koehler illumination
optimizes contrast and resolving power by aligning and centering the light path
what adjustments do you have to make to get a good image or resolution
use fine focus knob
numerical aperature of each lens
10x= 0.25 40x= 0.65 100x= 1.25
what does blue light filter do
light gets balanced out cause of certain hue given
what is diopter adjustment?
allows each eye to focus seperately
ocular micrometer
one of the eyepieces
stage micrometer
has a ruler
condenser lens
light passes thru
resolving power
seperate between small or closely adjacent objects
what does immersion oil allow
light does not bend and more light is collected into lens
aperture iris diaphram
around condenser used to match with aperture of lens helps optimum depth of focus, image contrast and resolving power
closing diaphram in koehelr
contrast decreases
open diaphram in koehelr
becomes grainy resolution decreases
aseptic technique
done to protect cultures as well as work and environment
pure culture
culture free of contamination and containing organisms all from one cell
pathogen
diease producing microorganisms
why are bacteria transfered
need fresh nutrients and need to be removed from own toxic waste and when needed for certain testing
flaming
kills of any organisms that be on area and make sure to from handle to tip so prevents from spraying into air
aerosols
boiling droplets of microorganisms
bacticinerator
sterilizes needles, loops, and culture tube mouths, prevents aerosols
pipets
transfer of liquids
why hold pipets at blunt end when inserting
reduces breakage and maintains sterility
alcohol flaming
dip into alcohol then pass thru and out flame until alcohol burn off
prevent danger of alcohol flaming by
holding forceps horizontal so cannot drip onto ur hand or bench
what does 1mL in 1/100 mean on 1mL pipet
can hold 1ml of volume that is gradulated in increments of 1/100 of a mL
what does 10 mL in 1/10 mean on 10ml pipet
can measure max 10 mL and smallest incrememt being 1/10mL
why is it susuggested that you loosen tube lids before exposing a sterile pipet to air?
this allows exposure to air kept at a minimum
why cool loop before taking bacteria
if too hot can kill bacteria
why put tube rack near a bactincinerator
so you can work faster with siwtching bacteria and keep exposure or contamination of other substances less
what can limit growth of bacteria in tsb
temp, moisture, nutrients(less tsb added), O2 levels, and pH levels
why is it a good idea to work near bac or flame with bacteria
prevents aersol production
cyanobacteria
photosynthetic
heterotrophic
requires organic molecules for carbon source
division of cocci on 1 plane
diplococcus or chain (strepto)
division of cocci on 2 planes
tetrad
division of cocci on 3 planes regular
packet
division of cocci on 3 planes irregular
grape-like cluster
rod arrangements
single, pairs, chains, pallisades(picket fence), x’s and y’s, and pleomorphic
spirilla and spirochete arangement
singles
other arrangements
vibros(slightly curved rods) and coccobacilli (short rods)
endospores
highly resistant forms and resist staining so seen as shiny circles
flagella
threadlike organelles propel cells and need special staining
3 types of photosynthetic bacteria
purple bacteria, green bacteria, and cyanobacteria
what colours can photosynthetic bacteria have
blue-green, red, violet, brown, or black
oxygenic photosynthesis
using water as electron donor and produce oxygen as waste product-cyanobacteria does
anoxygenic photosynthesis
other molecules as electron source and no oxygen production- purple and green does
how is cyanobacteria diff from photosynethic bacteria
plant-like photosynthesis, chlorophyll a, use co2 as carbon source, grow in extremes, fix nitro
heterocysts
nitro fixing cells have thick walls and other specializations so can stay anaerobic to protect nitrogenase enzyme(o2 sensitive)
brownian movement
motion caused by particle suspended in a liquid colliding with molecules of medium near
true mobility
directed movement; in 1 direction and occasional spin or roll
chemotaxis, phototaxis, and aerotaxis
ability to move away or toward chemicals, lights, or O2
Biodetritus
fragments of decomposing material
Differences between anabaena and oscillatoria
ana- filament chain ;oscill-strand-like
