labs 1-5

Question 1

total mag calculation

Answer 1

objective mag X ocular mag

Question 2

resolution

Answer 2

minimum distance that 2 points can be seperated and still distinquished as separate points

Question 3

numercial aperture

Answer 3

measure of lens ability to capture light coming from the specimen and use it to make image

Question 4

resolution calculation

Answer 4

d= (0.5)l/NA

Question 5

of average wavelength

Answer 5

550 nm

Question 6

working distance

Answer 6

distance between specimen and objective lens

Question 7

field of view

Answer 7

area you can see thru lens

Question 8

parfocal

Answer 8

remains in focus after rotating

Question 9

koehler illumination

Answer 9

optimizes contrast and resolving power by aligning and centering the light path

Question 10

what adjustments do you have to make to get a good image or resolution

Answer 10

use fine focus knob

Question 11

numerical aperature of each lens

Answer 11

10x= 0.25 40x= 0.65 100x= 1.25

Question 12

what does blue light filter do

Answer 12

light gets balanced out cause of certain hue given

Question 13

what is diopter adjustment?

Answer 13

allows each eye to focus seperately

Question 14

ocular micrometer

Answer 14

one of the eyepieces

Question 15

stage micrometer

Answer 15

has a ruler

Question 16

condenser lens

Answer 16

light passes thru

Question 17

resolving power

Answer 17

seperate between small or closely adjacent objects

Question 18

what does immersion oil allow

Answer 18

light does not bend and more light is collected into lens

Question 19

aperture iris diaphram

Answer 19

around condenser used to match with aperture of lens helps optimum depth of focus, image contrast and resolving power

Question 20

closing diaphram in koehelr

Answer 20

contrast decreases

Question 21

open diaphram in koehelr

Answer 21

becomes grainy resolution decreases

Question 22

aseptic technique

Answer 22

done to protect cultures as well as work and environment

Question 23

pure culture

Answer 23

culture free of contamination and containing organisms all from one cell

Question 24

pathogen

Answer 24

diease producing microorganisms

Question 25

why are bacteria transfered

Answer 25

need fresh nutrients and need to be removed from own toxic waste and when needed for certain testing

Question 26

flaming

Answer 26

kills of any organisms that be on area and make sure to from handle to tip so prevents from spraying into air

Question 27

aerosols

Answer 27

boiling droplets of microorganisms

Question 28

bacticinerator

Answer 28

sterilizes needles, loops, and culture tube mouths, prevents aerosols

Question 29

pipets

Answer 29

transfer of liquids

Question 30

why hold pipets at blunt end when inserting

Answer 30

reduces breakage and maintains sterility

Question 31

alcohol flaming

Answer 31

dip into alcohol then pass thru and out flame until alcohol burn off

Question 32

prevent danger of alcohol flaming by

Answer 32

holding forceps horizontal so cannot drip onto ur hand or bench

Question 33

what does 1mL in 1/100 mean on 1mL pipet

Answer 33

can hold 1ml of volume that is gradulated in increments of 1/100 of a mL

Question 34

what does 10 mL in 1/10 mean on 10ml pipet

Answer 34

can measure max 10 mL and smallest incrememt being 1/10mL

Question 35

why is it susuggested that you loosen tube lids before exposing a sterile pipet to air?

Answer 35

this allows exposure to air kept at a minimum

Question 36

why cool loop before taking bacteria

Answer 36

if too hot can kill bacteria

Question 37

why put tube rack near a bactincinerator

Answer 37

so you can work faster with siwtching bacteria and keep exposure or contamination of other substances less

Question 38

what can limit growth of bacteria in tsb

Answer 38

temp, moisture, nutrients(less tsb added), O2 levels, and pH levels

Question 39

why is it a good idea to work near bac or flame with bacteria

Answer 39

prevents aersol production

Question 40

cyanobacteria

Answer 40

photosynthetic

Question 41

heterotrophic

Answer 41

requires organic molecules for carbon source

Question 42

division of cocci on 1 plane

Answer 42

diplococcus or chain (strepto)

Question 43

division of cocci on 2 planes

Answer 43

tetrad

Question 44

division of cocci on 3 planes regular

Answer 44

packet

Question 45

division of cocci on 3 planes irregular

Answer 45

grape-like cluster

Question 46

rod arrangements

Answer 46

single, pairs, chains, pallisades(picket fence), x's and y's, and pleomorphic

Question 47

spirilla and spirochete arangement

Answer 47

singles

Question 48

other arrangements

Answer 48

vibros(slightly curved rods) and coccobacilli (short rods)

Question 49

endospores

Answer 49

highly resistant forms and resist staining so seen as shiny circles

Question 50

flagella

Answer 50

threadlike organelles propel cells and need special staining

Question 51

3 types of photosynthetic bacteria

Answer 51

purple bacteria, green bacteria, and cyanobacteria

Question 52

what colours can photosynthetic bacteria have

Answer 52

blue-green, red, violet, brown, or black

Question 53

oxygenic photosynthesis

Answer 53

using water as electron donor and produce oxygen as waste product-cyanobacteria does

Question 54

anoxygenic photosynthesis

Answer 54

other molecules as electron source and no oxygen production- purple and green does

Question 55

how is cyanobacteria diff from photosynethic bacteria

Answer 55

plant-like photosynthesis, chlorophyll a, use co2 as carbon source, grow in extremes, fix nitro

Question 56

heterocysts

Answer 56

nitro fixing cells have thick walls and other specializations so can stay anaerobic to protect nitrogenase enzyme(o2 sensitive)

Question 57

brownian movement

Answer 57

motion caused by particle suspended in a liquid colliding with molecules of medium near

Question 58

true mobility

Answer 58

directed movement; in 1 direction and occasional spin or roll

Question 59

chemotaxis, phototaxis, and aerotaxis

Answer 59

ability to move away or toward chemicals, lights, or O2

Question 60

Biodetritus

Answer 60

fragments of decomposing material

Question 61

Differences between anabaena and oscillatoria

Answer 61

ana- filament chain ;oscill-strand-like