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Pathophysiology > Laboratory Test > Flashcards

Laboratory Test Flashcards

1
Q

Lab test to find AMOUNT of ERYTHROCYTE in blood work measured by count

A

Red Blood Count ( RBC )

Lab test

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2
Q

Lab test to find PLATELET COUNT in blood sample

Lab test

A

Platelet Count

Thrombocyte count

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3
Q

Lab test to find Amount of WHITE BLOOD CELLS in blood sample
Lab test

A

White Blood Count (WBC)

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4
Q

Lab test to EVALUATION OF COMPLETE BLOOD CELLS ( hemogram)

Blood test

A

Complete Blood Count

CBC

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5
Q

Lab test to Assess the PERCENTAGE of leukocyte distribution in 100 WHITE CELLS sample test

Blood test

A

What is DIFFERENTIAL WHITE cells blood test

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6
Q

Lab test To MEASUREMENT of RED BLOOD CELLS by percentage in the amounts ( volume) of blood

A

What is HEMATOCRIT (HCT) lab test

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7
Q

Elevated RBC can cause what disorders?

A

The disorders are:

Erythmia, erythrocytosis, dehydration

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8
Q

Reduced RBC can cause what disorders?

A

The disorders are:

Anemia, lead poisoning , liver disease

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9
Q

Elevated Hgb can cause what disorders?

A

The disorders are:

Dehydration, burns , diarrhea

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10
Q

Reduced Hgb can cause what disorders?

A

Hemorrhage , iron deficiency anemia, liver disease

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11
Q

Elevated HCT can cause what disorder?

A

Dehydration , burns, diarrhea

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12
Q

Elevated RBC can cause disorders of

A

erythmia, erythrocytosis, dehydration

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13
Q

Reduced RBC can cause disorders of

A

anemia, lead poisoning , liver disease

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14
Q

Elevated Hgb can cause disorder of

A

dehydration, burns, diarrhea

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15
Q

Reduced Hgb can cause disorder of

A

hemorrhage , iron deficiency anemia, liver disease

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16
Q

Elevated HCT can cause disorder of

A

dehydration, burns, diarrhea

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17
Q

Reduced HCT can cause disorder of

A

anemia, fluid overload, thyroid disorders

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18
Q

Elevated WBC can cause disorder of

A

anorexia, abscess, burns

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19
Q

Reduced WBC can cause disorder of

A

AIDS, anemia, hepatitis

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20
Q

Decreased WBC can cause disorder of

A

asthma, acute infection, burns

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21
Q

A measurement taken for clot formation.

A

What is PT prothrombin time

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22
Q

Screening test of coagulation disorders, time required for platelet clot to form, via Ivy method.

A

What is Bleeding times

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23
Q

Evaluation of the functioning of coagulation , screening of u coagulation disorders , monitor effectiveness of heparin therapy

A

What is Erythrocyte Sedimentation

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24
Q

Who discovered x-rays?

A

Wilhelm ( sounds like William ) Konrad Roentgan ( sounds like row in it again )

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25
Q

X-rays change the photographic colour from ______ to _____?

A

silver to black

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26
Q

X- rays pass through the body based on density. What are least dense to most dense.

A 
Air= least dense
Fat= denser than air
Water= denser than fat
metal = most dense
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27
Q

What is the difference between radiolucent and radiopaque?

A

radiolucent:
permit x-ray passage ( black )

radiopaque:
obstruct x-ray passage ( white )

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28
Q

What are the characteristics of x-rays that allow precise shadow images on the x-ray plate?

A

Characteristics of the x-ray allow precise formation and accuracy of the tissue on site during radiotherapy procedure.

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29
Q

What is the term”scatter”mean?

A

Scatter: x-ray comes in contact with any material.

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30
Q

How is scatter minimized?

A

A grid is placed in front of the film to absorb scattered radiation before it comes in contact with the film.

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31
Q

What is the difference between a greater scale of scatter compare to a fewer grade of scatter?

A

Greater scatter:
occurs with dense objects ( metal )

Fewer scatter :occurs with radiolucent substances ( black , permits x-ray passages )

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32
Q

What is contrast media?

A 
radiopaque substance ( obstruct x-ray passage) 
( black ) used to administer by the patient during a diagnostic procedure.
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33
Q

what is contrast media used for?

A

To be ingested by the patient during a diagnostic radiology procedure to see how the organ is functioning.

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34
Q

Why is contrast media best suited for diagnostic radiology?

A

Accurate visualization of the internal body and its functions.

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35
Q

What types of contrast media are there?

A

liquids, powders, gas, air, and pills

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36
Q

How are contrast media administered?

A

orally, parenterally, and enema

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37
Q

What are the two types of contrast media?

A

barium sulfate and iodine compounds

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38
Q

What are the two types of procedures that barium sulfate is used for?

A

Barium swallow and barium enema

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39
Q

What is barium swallow mixture best suited for?

A

to outline the esophagus, stomach and small intestine

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40
Q

What is barium enema mixture best suited?

A

to outline the colon.

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41
Q

Iodine compounds are radiopaque ( white, obstruct x-ray passage )

what kind of substance?

A

Liquid

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42
Q

what kind of test:

x-ray recording ( graphy ) of blood vessels, heart chambers, using a catheter to insert dye into the blood vessel.

A

angiography

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43
Q

x-ray taken recording (graphy) of aorta or artery in the groin after dye is injested.

A

arteriography

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44
Q

x-ray taken of joint after dye is injested.

A

arthrography

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45
Q

x-ray taken of bronchial ( air passages in lungs ) and lungs are given dye via trachea ( tubes connected to the larynx and pharynx )

A

bronchography

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46
Q

x-ray of bile ducts give dye via IV or orally

A

cholangiography

47
Q

x-ray of gallbladder and bile ducts after dye is injested by IV

A

cholecystography

48
Q

x-ray is being taken while the patient voids. bladder is filled with dye. Dye is administered by catheter.

A

voiding cystourethrogram ( VCUG )

49
Q

two x-ray’s of the blood vessels are taken one with contrast and one without. shadows are removed from the image by computer.

A

digital subtraction angiography

50
Q

x-ray of fallopian tubes and uterus. Dye is administered via vaginal .

A

hysterosalpingangiography

51
Q

x-ray of lymphatic vessels and glands. Dye is injected into the lymphatic system.

A

lymphangiography

52
Q

x-ray of renal pelvis and urinary tract. Dye is injected by IV

A

intravenous pyelography

53
Q

x-ray of renal pelvis and urinary tract . Dye injected via catheter into urethra, bladder and uterus.

A

retrograde pyelography

54
Q

x-ray of the veins. Dye is injected by IV

A

venography (phlebography)

55
Q

What is interventional radiology?

A

interventional radiology is procedures performed by a radiologist during MRI, angiogram, CT scan, ultrasound.

56
Q

What is chemotherapy?

A

study of drugs in treatment of cancer or other forms of diseases.

57
Q

What is medicinal chemistry?

A

study of drug synthesis, artificial drugs that are manufactured.

58
Q

What is molecular pharmacology?

A

Study of drugs interacting, sub-cellular components.

59
Q

What is pharmacodynamics?

A

study of the Cause and effects of the body

60
Q

what is pharmacokinetics?

A

study of how the drug is absorbed through the body.

61
Q

what are the four main areas of study through pharmacokinetics?

A

absorb
distribution
metabolism
excretion

62
Q

what is toxicology?

A

study of harmful cause and effects on living tissue.

63
Q

what is the first , complex name given to new drugs?

A

chemicals and elements the new drug is made of.

64
Q

What is the difference with brand name drugs and generic name drugs?

A

brand name is capital

generic name is lower case

65
Q

what government agency approves of all drugs sold in Canada?

A

Federal Health Protection Branch ( FHPB)

66
Q

How many years of legal protection are drug manufactures given ?

A

twenty years.

67
Q

What is the name of the Act that governs possession, sale, manufacturing of narcotics?

A

Controlled Drugs and Substance Act

68
Q

What is the newer term used for narcotic?

A

Opioid analgesic

69
Q

x-ray position:

front to back

A

anteroposterior (AP)

70
Q

back to front

A

posteroanterior (PA)

71
Q

one side, left side near the film, source on left side

A

lateral view

72
Q

one side, right side near the film, source on right side

A

lateral view

73
Q

source positioned at an angle

A

oblique view

74
Q

source positioned directed at the axilla ( armpit )

A

axillary view

75
Q

source directed from the midline to the side of the part being examined.

A

mediolateral view

76
Q

source directed from midline toward the side.

A

supine mediolateral view

77
Q

x-ray source is directed from superior to inferior ( head to toe )

A

craniocaudal view

78
Q

x-ray positioning:

movement drawing away from the middle

A

abduction

79
Q

movement drawing toward the middle

A

adduction

80
Q

turning outward

A

eversion

81
Q

turning inward

A

inversion

82
Q

limb is placed in a straight position

A

extension

83
Q

limb is bent

A

flexion

84
Q

lying down on the side with x-ray beam horizontally positioned

A

lateral decubitus

85
Q

lying face down

A

prone

86
Q

lying on back

A

recumbent

87
Q

lying down, either on back or face down

A

supine

88
Q

How are “ in vivo” different from “ in vitro” from eachother?

A

” in vivo” means “ in the body”

“ in vitro” means “ in a test tube”

89
Q

What are the two forms of nuclear medicine lung scans?

A

Perfusion lung scan and Ventilation lung scan

90
Q

What are the types of nuclear imaging heart scans?

A

MAGA, Cardiac radionuclide or a thallium scan

91
Q

What can a bone scan help diagnose?

A

bone scans are done to diagnose metastases from a primary cancer site.

92
Q

What is a “ hot spot”?

A

“hot spots” primary cancer sites are the metas

93
Q

What is a gallium attracted to in the body?

A

gallium is attracted to lymph tumors and non-neoplastic lesions

94
Q

What is the difference between a thyroid uptake scan and a thyroid scan?

A

Thyroid uptake scan is given orally by capsule, thyroid scan is administered intravenously

95
Q

What element is used for these scans?

A

?

96
Q

What is a SPECT?

A

SPECT is Single-photon Emission Computed Tomography

SPECT is a combination of CT scan and radioactive tracer

97
Q

What is a PET scan?

A

?

98
Q

What is the primary target of radiation therapy?

A

radiation therapy primary target is DNA

99
Q

What are the two types of brachytherapy?

A

Interstitual and intracavitary brachytherapy

100
Q

How does radiofrequency work?

A

radiofrequency works by electrodes placed in the tumor under CT or ultrasound guidance.

101
Q

What is Gamma knife radiofrequency surgery?

A

Gamma knife radiofrequency surgery is a scalpel-less surgery.

102
Q

What conditions can Gamma knife radiofrequency surgery be used to treat?

A

Gamma knife scalpel-less surgery is used for brain tumors and or malformations.

103
Q

What does radiation therapy purpose?

A

to alter the diseased cells so that it can not reproduce.

104
Q

What does BBB stand for?

A

blood brain barrier

105
Q

What is the BBB’s purpose?

A

BBB is the protective barrier found in the brain, to prevent almost; not all forms of drugs and toxic from entering the brain

106
Q

What is the term “half life”

A

“half life” is the time required for radioactive substance to lose half of its radioactivity by disintegration.

107
Q

what is HYPERSENSITIVITY?

A

OVER RESPONSIVENESS to a small DOSAGE of a DRUG

108
Q

what is LATROGENIC

A

SIDE EFFECTS of TREATMENT

109
Q

what is CUMULATIVE ACTION

A

REPEATED DOSES of drugs that have not been eliminated from the body and so causes ACCUMULATION of DRUG in the body.

110
Q

what is ADVERSE REACTION

A

SUDDEN or DELAY of REACTION to a DRUG

111
Q

what is ADDITIVE ACTION

A

a COMBINED effect of TWO DRUGS that equal to the sum of one.

112
Q

what is TERATOGENIC EFFECT

A

effect that cause BIRTH DEFECTS

113
Q

what is ANTAGONISM

A

a COMBINATION of TWO DRUGS is less than the sum of other individual effects

114
Q

what is SYNERGISM

A

effects PRODUCED by the ACTION of TWO DRUGS WORKING TOGETHER in which one helps the other produce an effect

Pathophysiology (24 decks)

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