Laboratory Test Flashcards
Lab test to find AMOUNT of ERYTHROCYTE in blood work measured by count
Red Blood Count ( RBC )
Lab test
Lab test to find PLATELET COUNT in blood sample
Lab test
Platelet Count
Thrombocyte count
Lab test to find Amount of WHITE BLOOD CELLS in blood sample
Lab test
White Blood Count (WBC)
Lab test to EVALUATION OF COMPLETE BLOOD CELLS ( hemogram)
Blood test
Complete Blood Count
CBC
Lab test to Assess the PERCENTAGE of leukocyte distribution in 100 WHITE CELLS sample test
Blood test
What is DIFFERENTIAL WHITE cells blood test
Lab test To MEASUREMENT of RED BLOOD CELLS by percentage in the amounts ( volume) of blood
What is HEMATOCRIT (HCT) lab test
Elevated RBC can cause what disorders?
The disorders are:
Erythmia, erythrocytosis, dehydration
Reduced RBC can cause what disorders?
The disorders are:
Anemia, lead poisoning , liver disease
Elevated Hgb can cause what disorders?
The disorders are:
Dehydration, burns , diarrhea
Reduced Hgb can cause what disorders?
Hemorrhage , iron deficiency anemia, liver disease
Elevated HCT can cause what disorder?
Dehydration , burns, diarrhea
Elevated RBC can cause disorders of
erythmia, erythrocytosis, dehydration
Reduced RBC can cause disorders of
anemia, lead poisoning , liver disease
Elevated Hgb can cause disorder of
dehydration, burns, diarrhea
Reduced Hgb can cause disorder of
hemorrhage , iron deficiency anemia, liver disease
Elevated HCT can cause disorder of
dehydration, burns, diarrhea
Reduced HCT can cause disorder of
anemia, fluid overload, thyroid disorders
Elevated WBC can cause disorder of
anorexia, abscess, burns
Reduced WBC can cause disorder of
AIDS, anemia, hepatitis
Decreased WBC can cause disorder of
asthma, acute infection, burns
A measurement taken for clot formation.
What is PT prothrombin time
Screening test of coagulation disorders, time required for platelet clot to form, via Ivy method.
What is Bleeding times
Evaluation of the functioning of coagulation , screening of u coagulation disorders , monitor effectiveness of heparin therapy
What is Erythrocyte Sedimentation
Who discovered x-rays?
Wilhelm ( sounds like William ) Konrad Roentgan ( sounds like row in it again )
X-rays change the photographic colour from ______ to _____?
silver to black
X- rays pass through the body based on density. What are least dense to most dense.
Air= least dense Fat= denser than air Water= denser than fat metal = most dense
What is the difference between radiolucent and radiopaque?
radiolucent:
permit x-ray passage ( black )
radiopaque:
obstruct x-ray passage ( white )
What are the characteristics of x-rays that allow precise shadow images on the x-ray plate?
Characteristics of the x-ray allow precise formation and accuracy of the tissue on site during radiotherapy procedure.
What is the term”scatter”mean?
Scatter: x-ray comes in contact with any material.
How is scatter minimized?
A grid is placed in front of the film to absorb scattered radiation before it comes in contact with the film.
What is the difference between a greater scale of scatter compare to a fewer grade of scatter?
Greater scatter:
occurs with dense objects ( metal )
Fewer scatter :occurs with radiolucent substances ( black , permits x-ray passages )
What is contrast media?
radiopaque substance ( obstruct x-ray passage) ( black ) used to administer by the patient during a diagnostic procedure.
what is contrast media used for?
To be ingested by the patient during a diagnostic radiology procedure to see how the organ is functioning.
Why is contrast media best suited for diagnostic radiology?
Accurate visualization of the internal body and its functions.
What types of contrast media are there?
liquids, powders, gas, air, and pills
How are contrast media administered?
orally, parenterally, and enema
What are the two types of contrast media?
barium sulfate and iodine compounds
What are the two types of procedures that barium sulfate is used for?
Barium swallow and barium enema
What is barium swallow mixture best suited for?
to outline the esophagus, stomach and small intestine
What is barium enema mixture best suited?
to outline the colon.
Iodine compounds are radiopaque ( white, obstruct x-ray passage )
what kind of substance?
Liquid
what kind of test:
x-ray recording ( graphy ) of blood vessels, heart chambers, using a catheter to insert dye into the blood vessel.
angiography
x-ray taken recording (graphy) of aorta or artery in the groin after dye is injested.
arteriography
x-ray taken of joint after dye is injested.
arthrography
x-ray taken of bronchial ( air passages in lungs ) and lungs are given dye via trachea ( tubes connected to the larynx and pharynx )
bronchography
x-ray of bile ducts give dye via IV or orally
cholangiography
x-ray of gallbladder and bile ducts after dye is injested by IV
cholecystography
x-ray is being taken while the patient voids. bladder is filled with dye. Dye is administered by catheter.
voiding cystourethrogram ( VCUG )
two x-ray’s of the blood vessels are taken one with contrast and one without. shadows are removed from the image by computer.
digital subtraction angiography
x-ray of fallopian tubes and uterus. Dye is administered via vaginal .
hysterosalpingangiography
x-ray of lymphatic vessels and glands. Dye is injected into the lymphatic system.
lymphangiography
x-ray of renal pelvis and urinary tract. Dye is injected by IV
intravenous pyelography
x-ray of renal pelvis and urinary tract . Dye injected via catheter into urethra, bladder and uterus.
retrograde pyelography
x-ray of the veins. Dye is injected by IV
venography (phlebography)
What is interventional radiology?
interventional radiology is procedures performed by a radiologist during MRI, angiogram, CT scan, ultrasound.
What is chemotherapy?
study of drugs in treatment of cancer or other forms of diseases.
What is medicinal chemistry?
study of drug synthesis, artificial drugs that are manufactured.
What is molecular pharmacology?
Study of drugs interacting, sub-cellular components.
What is pharmacodynamics?
study of the Cause and effects of the body
what is pharmacokinetics?
study of how the drug is absorbed through the body.
what are the four main areas of study through pharmacokinetics?
absorb
distribution
metabolism
excretion
what is toxicology?
study of harmful cause and effects on living tissue.
what is the first , complex name given to new drugs?
chemicals and elements the new drug is made of.
What is the difference with brand name drugs and generic name drugs?
brand name is capital
generic name is lower case
what government agency approves of all drugs sold in Canada?
Federal Health Protection Branch ( FHPB)
How many years of legal protection are drug manufactures given ?
twenty years.
What is the name of the Act that governs possession, sale, manufacturing of narcotics?
Controlled Drugs and Substance Act
What is the newer term used for narcotic?
Opioid analgesic
x-ray position:
front to back
anteroposterior (AP)
back to front
posteroanterior (PA)
one side, left side near the film, source on left side
lateral view
one side, right side near the film, source on right side
lateral view
source positioned at an angle
oblique view
source positioned directed at the axilla ( armpit )
axillary view
source directed from the midline to the side of the part being examined.
mediolateral view
source directed from midline toward the side.
supine mediolateral view
x-ray source is directed from superior to inferior ( head to toe )
craniocaudal view
x-ray positioning:
movement drawing away from the middle
abduction
movement drawing toward the middle
adduction
turning outward
eversion
turning inward
inversion
limb is placed in a straight position
extension
limb is bent
flexion
lying down on the side with x-ray beam horizontally positioned
lateral decubitus
lying face down
prone
lying on back
recumbent
lying down, either on back or face down
supine
How are “ in vivo” different from “ in vitro” from eachother?
” in vivo” means “ in the body”
“ in vitro” means “ in a test tube”
What are the two forms of nuclear medicine lung scans?
Perfusion lung scan and Ventilation lung scan
What are the types of nuclear imaging heart scans?
MAGA, Cardiac radionuclide or a thallium scan
What can a bone scan help diagnose?
bone scans are done to diagnose metastases from a primary cancer site.
What is a “ hot spot”?
“hot spots” primary cancer sites are the metas
What is a gallium attracted to in the body?
gallium is attracted to lymph tumors and non-neoplastic lesions
What is the difference between a thyroid uptake scan and a thyroid scan?
Thyroid uptake scan is given orally by capsule, thyroid scan is administered intravenously
What element is used for these scans?
?
What is a SPECT?
SPECT is Single-photon Emission Computed Tomography
SPECT is a combination of CT scan and radioactive tracer
What is a PET scan?
?
What is the primary target of radiation therapy?
radiation therapy primary target is DNA
What are the two types of brachytherapy?
Interstitual and intracavitary brachytherapy
How does radiofrequency work?
radiofrequency works by electrodes placed in the tumor under CT or ultrasound guidance.
What is Gamma knife radiofrequency surgery?
Gamma knife radiofrequency surgery is a scalpel-less surgery.
What conditions can Gamma knife radiofrequency surgery be used to treat?
Gamma knife scalpel-less surgery is used for brain tumors and or malformations.
What does radiation therapy purpose?
to alter the diseased cells so that it can not reproduce.
What does BBB stand for?
blood brain barrier
What is the BBB’s purpose?
BBB is the protective barrier found in the brain, to prevent almost; not all forms of drugs and toxic from entering the brain
What is the term “half life”
“half life” is the time required for radioactive substance to lose half of its radioactivity by disintegration.
what is HYPERSENSITIVITY?
OVER RESPONSIVENESS to a small DOSAGE of a DRUG
what is LATROGENIC
SIDE EFFECTS of TREATMENT
what is CUMULATIVE ACTION
REPEATED DOSES of drugs that have not been eliminated from the body and so causes ACCUMULATION of DRUG in the body.
what is ADVERSE REACTION
SUDDEN or DELAY of REACTION to a DRUG
what is ADDITIVE ACTION
a COMBINED effect of TWO DRUGS that equal to the sum of one.
what is TERATOGENIC EFFECT
effect that cause BIRTH DEFECTS
what is ANTAGONISM
a COMBINATION of TWO DRUGS is less than the sum of other individual effects
what is SYNERGISM
effects PRODUCED by the ACTION of TWO DRUGS WORKING TOGETHER in which one helps the other produce an effect
