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Clinical Chemistry > LABORATORY STATISTICS > Flashcards

LABORATORY STATISTICS Flashcards

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1
Q

MEASURES OF CENTER/ central tendency

A

Mean, median, mode

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2
Q

average or arithmetic mean

A

Mean

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3
Q

midpoint of a data set after the values have been rank-ordered

A

Median

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4
Q

most frequently occurring value in a data set

A

Mode

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5
Q

MEASURES OF SPREAD/ Variability/ Distribution

A

Standard Deviation , Coefficient of Variation & Range

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6
Q

distribution of data points around the mean

A

Standard deviation

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7
Q

Square of SD

A

Variance

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8
Q

Best indicator of precision

A

Coefficient of variation

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9
Q

difference between the highest and lowest values

A

Range

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10
Q

Data points are distributed symmetrically around the mean (bell-shaped curve) with most values close to the center

A

GAUSSIAN/NORMAL DISTRIBURION

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11
Q

Mean, median, and mode are identical

A

GAUSSIAN/NORMAL DISTRIBURION

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12
Q

Empiric rule

A

68-95 - 99.7% rule

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13
Q

Rule of thumbs

A

CV = < 10 %

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14
Q

REFERENCE INTERVAL STUDIES

A

Verifying a reference interval & Establishing a reference interval

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15
Q

done when there is no existing RI for an analyte or when transference studies fail

A

Establishing a reference interval

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16
Q

Establishing a reference interval requires at least _______ study individuals; RI is set based on the ______________________

A

120; 95% confidence interval
CI = x̄ + /- 2s

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17
Q

done to confirm the validity of an existing or published RI for an analyte

A

Verifying a reference interval

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18
Q

Verifying a reference interval requires at least ____ study individuals; RI is adopted if _____ of the subjects fall outside the range

A

20; < 10%

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19
Q

first step in method evaluation; usually done by running two control materials twice a day over a 10-day period

A

Precision study

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20
Q

involves spiking a sample with a known amount of an analyte and determining how much of it can be detected by the method in the presence of other compounds in the matrix

A

Recovery study

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21
Q

compares the MEANS of two groups of data or the ACCURACY of two methods

A

T test

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22
Q

compares the STANDARD DEVIATION (SDs) of two groups of data or the PRECISION of two procedures

A

F test

23
Q

used to compare two methods using the best fit line through the data points

A

Linear regression

24
Q

Independent variable = reference method

A

X axis

25
Q

Dependent variable = new method

A

Y axis

26
Q

ability of a method to detect the smallest concentration of an analyte

A

Analytical sensitivity

27
Q

ability of a method to detect only the analyte of interest

A

Analytical specificity

28
Q

Diagnostic Efficiency

A

1) Diagnostic sensitivity
2) Diagnostic specificity
3) Positive predictive value
4) Negative predictive value

29
Q

ability of a test to detect a given disease or condition; proportion of individuals with the disease who have a positive test result

A

Diagnostic sensitivity

30
Q

ability of a test to detect the absence of a given disease or condition; proportion of individuals with no disease who have a negative test result

A

Diagnostic specificity

31
Q

probability that a positive test result indicates disease; proportion of individuals with a positive result who truly have the disease

A

Positive predictive value

32
Q

probability that a negative test result indicates absence of disease; proportion of individuals with a negative result who truly do not have the disease

A

Negative predictive value

33
Q

management philosophy and approach that focuses on processes and their improvement as the means to satisfy customer needs and requirements

A

TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT

34
Q

Five Q Framework

A

Quality Planning (QP)
Quality Laboratory Process (QLP)
Quality Control (QC)
Quality Assurance (QA)
Quality Improvement (QI)

35
Q

Quality Improvement Tools:

A

Six Sigma (6 σ) & Lean

36
Q

Reduction of defects to near zero

A

Six Sigma (6 σ)

37
Q

necessary to establish measures for performance monitoring, and ensure that the performance achieved satisfies quality requirements.

A

Quality planning

38
Q

include analytical processes, general policies, practices, and procedures that define how all aspects of work are done.

A

Quality laboratory process (QLP)

39
Q

involves statistical control procedures as well as nonstatistical checks

A

Quality control (QC)

40
Q

concerned with broader measures of laboratory performance including TAT, patient identification, specimen collection, and test utility.

A

Quality assurance (QA)

41
Q

provides a structured problem-solving process to help identify the root cause of a problem and a remedy for that problem.

A

Quality improvement (QI)

42
Q

Reduction of non-valued activities (wastes)

A

Lean

43
Q

Categories of wastes

A

Defects
Overproduction
Waiting
Non-utilized talent
Transport
Inventory
Motion
Excess processing

44
Q

Steps in six sigma

A

DMAIC
Define
Measure
Analyze
Improve
Control

45
Q

include test requisition, patient preparation, patient identification, specimencollection, labeling, specimen transport, specimen reception, handling, and preparation

A

Pre-analytical

46
Q

include reagents, preventive maintenance of equipment, calibration, analysis of samples, and quality control

A

Analytical

47
Q

include verification of calculations and reference ranges, flagging and notification of panic/critical values, delta checks, reporting of results

A

Post-analytical

48
Q

an algorithm in which a current laboratory result is compared with results obtained on a previous specimen from the same patient

A

Delta check

49
Q

Quality control

A

Reliability, accuracy, precision, internal quality control & external quality control

50
Q

ability to maintain accuracy and precision over an extended period of time during which equipment, reagents, and personnel may change

A

Reliability

51
Q

Closeness of the result to the true or actual value

A

Accuracy

52
Q

Ability to produce a series of results that agree closely with each other

A

Precision

53
Q

Commonly expressed in terms of coefficient of variation

A

Precision

54
Q

Also call repeatability reproducibility

A

Precision

Clinical Chemistry (2 decks)

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