Laboratory Examinations And Tests Flashcards
1
Q
A medical procedure involving testing a medical sample (blood, urine, other substances)
A
Laboratory examinations/tests
2
Q
Importance of a laboratory examination?
A
Determine Diagnosis, plan treatment, check of treatment is working, and to monitor disease
3
Q
A test used to evaluate overall health, detect wide range of disorders, mesaures several components and features of blood, like WBC, RBC, Hemoglobin, and Hematocrit
A
Complete Blood Count (CBC)
4
Q
A CBC is used to evaluate what?
A
a. Overall health
b. Detect wide range of disorders
c. measures several components and features of blood, like WBC, RBC, Hemoglobin, and Hematocrit
5
Q
Normal values of WBC
A
5,000-10,000 per millimeter cube
6
Q
Other term for WBC
A
Leukocytes
7
Q
Indications of Low WBC (5)
A
- Viral infections
- Certain disorders present at birth (congenital)
- Cancer / dse that damage bone marrow
- Severe infections that use up WBC faster than they can be produced
- Medications that destroy WBC
8
Q
What does WBC do?
A
Fight infections
9
Q
What indication of low WBC temporarily disrupts work of the bone marrow
A
Viral infections
10
Q
Indication of low WBC that diminish bone marrow function
A
Certain disorders present at birth (congenital)
11
Q
What does the bone marrow do?
A
Produces RBC, WBC, and platelets
12
Q
Common type of bone cancer
A
Multiple myeloma
13
Q
Example of medication that destroy WBC
A
Antibiotics
14
Q
Indication of high WBC
A
- An increased production of WBC
- A reaction to a drug that increases WBC production
- A disease of bone marrow
- An immune system disorder
- Allergies
- Drugs
- Infections: bacterial or viral
15
Q
Indication of high WBC where in there is fight for infection
A
An increased production of WBC
16
Q
An indication of high WBC causing abnormally high production of WBC
A
A dse of bone marrow
17
Q
Abnormally high production of WBC
A
Leukemia
18
Q
Increased WBC production cause what disease
A
Crohn’s disease
19
Q
A disease that causes inflammation of digestive tract, leading to pain and diarrhea
A
Crohn’s disease
20
Q
Examples of drugs that causes high WBC
A
Corticosteroids and epinephrine
21
Q
Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppresing drugs
A
Corticosteroids and epinephrine
22
Q
Normal value of RBC in male and female
A
Male: 4.6 - 6.2 million cell/ microliter
Female: 4.2 - 5.4 million cell /microliter
23
Q
Why do males have more blood volume than females?
A
Bcs. Males have higher level of androgens (testosterone) that stimulates release of erythropoietin
24
Q
High RBC count results in what?
A
Low oxygen levels
25
When the RBC count is high, and low oxygen levels, what complications might occur?
Kidney failure, heart failure, heart dse, and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
26
A group of dses that causes airflow blockage
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
27
A protein in RBC
Hemoglobin (Hb)
28
What does hemoglobin carry?
Oxygen
29
Normal value of hemoglobin in males and females
Males: 14-18g / 100 ml
Females: 13-16g / 100 ml
30
What does the test of hemoglobin indicate?
Anemia or Polycythemia
31
What does below normal hemoglobin concentration may result from?
Anemia, hemorrhage, or fluid retention
32
Dse that indicates low RBC
Anemia
33
Dse that indicates high RBC
Polycythemia
34
Symptoms of low Hemoglobin, hematocrit, or RBC count
Feels cold, fatigue, dyspnea, tachycardia, pallor
35
Abnormally Fast heart beat
Tachycardia
36
Paleness
Pallor
37
Shortness of breath (condition)
Dyspnea
38
Percentage by volume of RBC's in the whole blood sample
Hematocrit
39
Hematocrit normal values in males and females
Males - 40-54%
Females - 38-47%
40
Indication of low hematocrit
Anemia
41
Above normal hematocrit
Polycythemia
42
Other term for polycythemia
Erythrocytosis
43
What happens to the blood if there is a higher concentration of RBC
It becomes thick
44
Preparation for CBC
1. If the blood sample is being teated only for a CBC, client can eat and drink normally before the test
2. The blood sample that will be used for other tests, client fasts before the test
3. NPO (nothing per orem) is required
45
How many hours is NPO post midnight
8-10 hours
46
Examination and study of physical, chemical,nand microscopic properties of urine to obtain data
Urinalysis
47
What properties of urine is examined and studied in urinalysis?
Physical, chemical, and microscopic
48
Obtained data from urinalysis is helpful in______ (3)
A. Making diagnosis
B. Serving as a guid for further test
C. Checking on the progress of client's under treatment
49
What information can urinalysis provide about the kidney?
A. Function
B. Nutrition
C. Metabolic function
D. Certain systemic dses
50
Urine type collections (3)
1. Single random routine specimen
2. Time urine collection
3. Specimen for culture and sensitivity
51
Urine type collection that is obtained with client voiding / through Foley catheter/ urostomy collection blood
Single random routine specimen
52
In single random routine specimen, the specimen should be ____
Clean
53
What is the specimen for single random routine specimen generally tested for?
WBC and RBC
54
How many is collected in a single random routine specimen?
4 oz or 118mL
55
Urine type collection where the specimen is collected over 2 to 72 hours; 24 hours most common
Timed urine collections
56
How many hours does the specimen in time urine collection to be collected?
2-72 hours; 24 hours is the most common
57
What elements is measured during time urine collections?
Amino acids, creatinine, hormones, glucose, and adrenocorticosticoids
58
When does the time urine collection begin?
After a client urinate
59
What to do to the first specimen in Time routine specimen?
Discard
60
Urine type collection that detects or identifies bacteria and yeast in the urine. It is the most common urinalysis in the hospital
Specimen for culture and sensitivity
61
What does the specimen for culture and sensitivity detect or identify in the urine
Bacteria and yeast
62
What infection does bacteria and yeast in urine indicates
Urinary tract infection (UTI)
63
What kinds of urine sample collection is used in specimen for culture and sensitivity?
1. Mid-stream clean catch urine sample
2. Catheter
3. Needle to aspirate urine directly from the bladder
4. For infants, collection bag (PUC) may be attached to the genetalia area to catch any urine produced
64
Preparation for urinalysis
Instruct client to drink plenty of water for adequate urine sample. However, drinking excessive amounts of water may cause inaccurate results.
65
Collection of a stool specimen
Fecalysis
66
What does fecalysis determine?
Pathologic conditions such as tumors, hemorrhage, infections and malabsorption problem
67
Pathologic conditions that are identified by fecalysis by the detection of what elementsnor substances?
Blood, bile, urobilinogen, fat, nitrogen content, ova, parasite, protozoa, and bacteria
68
How many hours is the stool collected in a time period
72 hours
69
What kind of medical technique is observed during fecalysis?
Medical Asepsis technique
70
What is the size of the stool specimen to be collected?
Pea/ peanut/ thumb size
71
Routine fecalysis
Pass 3 stool samples collected at 2-day intervals
72
What are the contaminants to avoid during fecalysis that makes it hard to find parasites?
1. Urine
2. Tissue paper
3. Toilet water
73
What kind of stool is requested in a fecalysis?
Fresh stool
74
Preparation for fecalysis
- avoid alcohol, vitamin c, aspirin, or ibuprofen before the test (alters the results of the test)
- patient must also urinate before collecting the stool sample to orevent urine from mixing with the collected sample
75
Test that involves the testing of blood glucose levels
Capillary Blood Glucose (CBG)
76
What is an alternative when a venipuncture cannot be performed in a CBG
Capillary blood by skin puncture
77
Puncture of the vein
Venipuncture
78
Normal fasting glucose
70 -120 mg/ 100mL
79
When is the normal fasting glucose obtained?
Early morning before meal, with fasting of 8-10 hours
80
An FBS that is normal
Below 100 mg/dL (5.6 mmol/L)
81
An FBS level indicating prediabetes
100-125 mg/dL (5.6-6.9 mmol/L)
82
FBS level indicating diabetes
126 mg/dL (7mmol/L) or higher on two separate tests
83
Rate of a Random Blood sugar which is considered normal
Less than 140 mg/dL
84
Random Blood sugar that is abnormal
More than or 200mg/dL
85
Glycated hemoglobin
Hemoglobin A1C
86
An indicator of how well the Diabetes is being controlled
Hemoglobin A1C
87
When is a Hemoglobin A1C tested
After 3 months
88
Measuring the amounts of blood glucose attached to the hemoglobin
Hemoglobin A1C
89
Normal reference range of a Hemoglobin A1C
4.9-6.4%
90
Good control range in Hb A1c
6.5-7.0%
91
Poor control range in Hb A1c
Above 7 %
92
Preparation of CBG
NPO (Nil per Os; nothing by mouth) for 8-10 hours for fasting Blood Glucose test. Results help doctor diagnose or rule out diabetes.
93
Test used to determine fractire or dislocation
X-ray
94
Different types of x-rays (3)
Anteroposterior x-ray
Posteroanterior x-ray
Lateral x-ray
95
What bone diseases are revealed during x-ray (4)
1. Solitary lesions
2. Multiple focal lesions in one bone / generalized lesions involving all bones
3. Arthritis
4. Infection
96
CBG That is taken any time, no need to fast first
Random Blood sugar
97
A test that uses powerful magnetic fields and radio frequency in order to get a detailed image
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
98
A test that utlizes x-ray to produce images of the inside of the body
Computed tomography scan (CT Scan)
99
Projections in x-ray (6)
A. Denotes an anteroposterior projection
B. A posteroanterior projection
C. Indicates a lateral projection in Right Lateral position
D. Indicates a lateral projection in Left Lateral position
E. Patien is in a Left Anterior Oblique (LAO) position
F. Patien is in a Right Anterior Oblique (RAO) position, both corresponding to posteroanterior oblique projection.
100
Preparation in x-ray
-removes all jewelry from the body area to be x-rayed, eyeglasses and any metal subjects because they can show on upon x-ray
- inform physician and x-ray technologist if there is any possibility that the client is pregnant
101
Why is it important for the x-ray technologist to ne awate that the patient is pregnant
In order to minimize radiation exposure to the baby
102
A graphic representation of the electrical impulses generated by the heary during the cardiac cycle
Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG)
103
How many lead is in ECG
12 lead.ECG, 5 electrodes. 1 electrode placed on each of the extremities and one (V1-V6) is successively placed on the chest
104
What is applied before applying the ECG
Clean water / alcohol
105
What is used on the extremities durimg ecg
ECG clamps
106
What is connected to the chest during ECG
ECG bulb
107
V1: _____
V2:_____
V3:______
V4:______
V5:______
V6:_____
V1: 4th ICS to the R of the sternum
V2: 4th ICS to the L of the sternum
V3: Directly between the leads V2 and V4
V4: 5th ICS at MCL
V5: Level with V4, at L anterior axillary line
V6: Level with 5, at L Midaxillary line (directly under the midpoint of the armpit)
108
Purpose of the appearance of EKG
To diagnose abnormalities interfering with electrical conduction through the heart
109
A portable device that records heary rhythm, maybe done if ECG can't probide details about the heart condition
Holter Monitor
110
Test that is a continuous ECG recording over an extended period of time
Holter Monitor
111
Holter Monitor records electrical activity of the heart for up to how many hours?
24 hours
112
The ECG in holter monitors is recorded on _______ and monitors cardiac rhythm during ______,______, and ______
Magnetic tape
Activity, rest, and sleep
113
Preparation for ECG
1. Avoid oily or greasy skin creams and lotion
2. Avoud full-length hosier of tight pants
3. Wear a shirt that can be remove easily
114
Preparation for client before the ECG procedure
1. Remove all metals, such as belt, coins, earing, bracelets, necklace, others.
2. Remove clothing from waist up
3.Place client in supine position or semi Fowler's position
4. Instruct client to
A. Lie still ll without talking
B. Arms lying flat on the side
C. Relax the shoulders
D. Legs uncrossed
115
In preparation for cloent before procedure of ECG, whta to instruct to the client (4)
A. Lie still ll without talking
B. Arms lying flat on the side
C. Relax the shoulders
D. Legs uncrossed
116
Test that give an accurate view of the right ventricle
V4R
117
The view of the right ventricle is useful in cases of what?
Suspected RV infarction
118
A common occurrence in case of inferior STEMI (40% incidence) and should be investigated in the presence of any inferior STEMI pattern
Right Ventricular infarction
119
Abnormally detected on the 12- lead ECG
ST-Segment elevation
120
A serious type of heart attack during which one of the heart's major arteries is blocked
ST-elevation Myocardial infarction (STEMI)
121
The act of double checking data / verifying if it is accurate and factual
Validation of Data
122
The confirmation or verification of subjective and Objective data collected are reliable or accurate
Validation of data
123
Steps in the validation of Data
1. Decide whether the data requires validation
2. Determine ways to validate data
3. Identify the areas for which the data are missing
124
Methods of validation (4)
1. Recheck your own data through a repeat assessment
2. Clarify data from the client by asking additional question
3. Verify data with another health care professional
4. Compare your objective findings to subjective findingd to uncover discrepancies
125
Recording of data
Documentation of Data
126
Health care institutions have developed ________ and _________ policies and procedures that provide not only the _____ for documenting but also _________ in completing the forms
Assessment
Documentation
Criteria
Assistance
127
Documentation of Data that ensures that nurse gathers pertinent information needed to meet the standards and guidelines of the specific information institution
Electronic health record (EHR)
128
Purposes of Documentation
1. To promote healthy effective communication among multidisciplinary healteh team members to facilitate safe and efficient client care
2. Electronic medical record - supplied by physician who made medical diagnosis and prescribed treatments
3. Electronic Health Records - more comprehensive health status and not only the medical status
129
To promote healthy effective communication among multidisciplinary health team members to facilitate safe and efficient client care
**(sub concepts (3))**
- documented assessment data provide the health care team eith a database that becomes the foundation of rhe client
- basis formulate nursing diagnosis, plan of care and immediate and ongoing nursing intervention
- database establish a way to communicate with team members
130
Documentation supplied by physician who made medical diagnoses and prescribed treatments
Electronic medical record
131
Documentation thatvis more comprehensive health status and not only the medical status
Electronic health records
132
Documentation used in a variety of health care providers
Electronic health records
133
Documentation that focused on the toral health (E,P,S,S)aspect of the client
Electronic health records
134
This record shared data with others promote collaboration
Electronic health records
135
It's purpose is that a data are centralized at the registration
Integrated hospital operations management information system (IHOMIS)
136
Chart content
Clinical sheet
Monitoring sheet
TPR sheet
Doctor's order
Laboratory results
IV sheet
Nurse's notes
137
Information requiring documentation
Subjective data
Objective data
138
Includes biographic data, present health concern and symptoms, personal health history, family history, lifestyle, and health practices
Subjective data
139
Subjective data includes?
Includes biographic data,
present health concern and symptoms,
personal health history,
family history,
lifestyle,
and health practices
140
Physical data laboratory and also other daya from the chart
Objective data
141
Guidelines for Documentation (12)
1. Keep confidential all documented information in the client record
2. Document legibility or print neatly ion nonerasable ink
3. Use correct grammar and spelling. Use only abbreviations that are acceptable and approved by institutions
4. Avoud wordiness that creates redundancy
5. Use phrases instead of sentences to record data
6. Record data findings not how they were obtained
7. Write entries objectively without making premature judgements or diagnosis. Use quotation marks to identify clearly the client's response
8. Record the client's understanding and perception of problems
9. Avoid recording the word "normal" for normal findings
10. Record complete information and details for all client's symptoms or experience
11. Include additional assessment content when applicable
12. Support objective data witeh specific observation obtained during rhe physical examination
142
How are errors correct in documentation
Drawing one line through the entry, eriting error and initializing the entry
143
What not to do when when there is an error in documentation
Using white paint or tape, an eraser or tape, an eraser or a marking pen
144
In grammar and spelling in a documentation, what terms to avoid
Slang, jargon, or labels unless thry are direct quote
