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HEALTH ASSESSMENT: Laboratory Examinations/Tests > Laboratory Examinations And Tests > Flashcards

Laboratory Examinations And Tests Flashcards

1
Q

A medical procedure involving testing a medical sample (blood, urine, other substances)

A

Laboratory examinations/tests

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2
Q

Importance of a laboratory examination?

A

Determine Diagnosis, plan treatment, check of treatment is working, and to monitor disease

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3
Q

A test used to evaluate overall health, detect wide range of disorders, mesaures several components and features of blood, like WBC, RBC, Hemoglobin, and Hematocrit

A

Complete Blood Count (CBC)

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4
Q

A CBC is used to evaluate what?

A

a. Overall health
b. Detect wide range of disorders
c. measures several components and features of blood, like WBC, RBC, Hemoglobin, and Hematocrit

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5
Q

Normal values of WBC

A

5,000-10,000 per millimeter cube

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6
Q

Other term for WBC

A

Leukocytes

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7
Q

Indications of Low WBC (5)

A
  1. Viral infections
  2. Certain disorders present at birth (congenital)
  3. Cancer / dse that damage bone marrow
  4. Severe infections that use up WBC faster than they can be produced
  5. Medications that destroy WBC
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8
Q

What does WBC do?

A

Fight infections

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9
Q

What indication of low WBC temporarily disrupts work of the bone marrow

A

Viral infections

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10
Q

Indication of low WBC that diminish bone marrow function

A

Certain disorders present at birth (congenital)

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11
Q

What does the bone marrow do?

A

Produces RBC, WBC, and platelets

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12
Q

Common type of bone cancer

A

Multiple myeloma

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13
Q

Example of medication that destroy WBC

A

Antibiotics

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14
Q

Indication of high WBC

A
  1. An increased production of WBC
  2. A reaction to a drug that increases WBC production
  3. A disease of bone marrow
  4. An immune system disorder
  5. Allergies
  6. Drugs
  7. Infections: bacterial or viral
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15
Q

Indication of high WBC where in there is fight for infection

A

An increased production of WBC

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16
Q

An indication of high WBC causing abnormally high production of WBC

A

A dse of bone marrow

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17
Q

Abnormally high production of WBC

A

Leukemia

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18
Q

Increased WBC production cause what disease

A

Crohn’s disease

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19
Q

A disease that causes inflammation of digestive tract, leading to pain and diarrhea

A

Crohn’s disease

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20
Q

Examples of drugs that causes high WBC

A

Corticosteroids and epinephrine

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21
Q

Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppresing drugs

A

Corticosteroids and epinephrine

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22
Q

Normal value of RBC in male and female

A

Male: 4.6 - 6.2 million cell/ microliter
Female: 4.2 - 5.4 million cell /microliter

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23
Q

Why do males have more blood volume than females?

A

Bcs. Males have higher level of androgens (testosterone) that stimulates release of erythropoietin

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24
Q

High RBC count results in what?

A

Low oxygen levels

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25
Q

When the RBC count is high, and low oxygen levels, what complications might occur?

A

Kidney failure, heart failure, heart dse, and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

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26
Q

A group of dses that causes airflow blockage

A

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

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27
Q

A protein in RBC

A

Hemoglobin (Hb)

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28
Q

What does hemoglobin carry?

A

Oxygen

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29
Q

Normal value of hemoglobin in males and females

A

Males: 14-18g / 100 ml
Females: 13-16g / 100 ml

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30
Q

What does the test of hemoglobin indicate?

A

Anemia or Polycythemia

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31
Q

What does below normal hemoglobin concentration may result from?

A

Anemia, hemorrhage, or fluid retention

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32
Q

Dse that indicates low RBC

A

Anemia

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33
Q

Dse that indicates high RBC

A

Polycythemia

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34
Q

Symptoms of low Hemoglobin, hematocrit, or RBC count

A

Feels cold, fatigue, dyspnea, tachycardia, pallor

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35
Q

Abnormally Fast heart beat

A

Tachycardia

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36
Q

Paleness

A

Pallor

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37
Q

Shortness of breath (condition)

A

Dyspnea

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38
Q

Percentage by volume of RBC’s in the whole blood sample

A

Hematocrit

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39
Q

Hematocrit normal values in males and females

A

Males - 40-54%
Females - 38-47%

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40
Q

Indication of low hematocrit

A

Anemia

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41
Q

Above normal hematocrit

A

Polycythemia

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42
Q

Other term for polycythemia

A

Erythrocytosis

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43
Q

What happens to the blood if there is a higher concentration of RBC

A

It becomes thick

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44
Q

Preparation for CBC

A
  1. If the blood sample is being teated only for a CBC, client can eat and drink normally before the test
  2. The blood sample that will be used for other tests, client fasts before the test
  3. NPO (nothing per orem) is required
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45
Q

How many hours is NPO post midnight

A

8-10 hours

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46
Q

Examination and study of physical, chemical,nand microscopic properties of urine to obtain data

A

Urinalysis

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47
Q

What properties of urine is examined and studied in urinalysis?

A

Physical, chemical, and microscopic

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48
Q

Obtained data from urinalysis is helpful in______ (3)

A

A. Making diagnosis
B. Serving as a guid for further test
C. Checking on the progress of client’s under treatment

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49
Q

What information can urinalysis provide about the kidney?

A

A. Function
B. Nutrition
C. Metabolic function
D. Certain systemic dses

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50
Q

Urine type collections (3)

A
  1. Single random routine specimen
  2. Time urine collection
  3. Specimen for culture and sensitivity
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51
Q

Urine type collection that is obtained with client voiding / through Foley catheter/ urostomy collection blood

A

Single random routine specimen

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52
Q

In single random routine specimen, the specimen should be ____

A

Clean

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53
Q

What is the specimen for single random routine specimen generally tested for?

A

WBC and RBC

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54
Q

How many is collected in a single random routine specimen?

A

4 oz or 118mL

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55
Q

Urine type collection where the specimen is collected over 2 to 72 hours; 24 hours most common

A

Timed urine collections

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56
Q

How many hours does the specimen in time urine collection to be collected?

A

2-72 hours; 24 hours is the most common

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57
Q

What elements is measured during time urine collections?

A

Amino acids, creatinine, hormones, glucose, and adrenocorticosticoids

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58
Q

When does the time urine collection begin?

A

After a client urinate

59
Q

What to do to the first specimen in Time routine specimen?

A

Discard

60
Q

Urine type collection that detects or identifies bacteria and yeast in the urine. It is the most common urinalysis in the hospital

A

Specimen for culture and sensitivity

61
Q

What does the specimen for culture and sensitivity detect or identify in the urine

A

Bacteria and yeast

62
Q

What infection does bacteria and yeast in urine indicates

A

Urinary tract infection (UTI)

63
Q

What kinds of urine sample collection is used in specimen for culture and sensitivity?

A
  1. Mid-stream clean catch urine sample
  2. Catheter
  3. Needle to aspirate urine directly from the bladder
  4. For infants, collection bag (PUC) may be attached to the genetalia area to catch any urine produced
64
Q

Preparation for urinalysis

A

Instruct client to drink plenty of water for adequate urine sample. However, drinking excessive amounts of water may cause inaccurate results.

65
Q

Collection of a stool specimen

A

Fecalysis

66
Q

What does fecalysis determine?

A

Pathologic conditions such as tumors, hemorrhage, infections and malabsorption problem

67
Q

Pathologic conditions that are identified by fecalysis by the detection of what elementsnor substances?

A

Blood, bile, urobilinogen, fat, nitrogen content, ova, parasite, protozoa, and bacteria

68
Q

How many hours is the stool collected in a time period

A

72 hours

69
Q

What kind of medical technique is observed during fecalysis?

A

Medical Asepsis technique

70
Q

What is the size of the stool specimen to be collected?

A

Pea/ peanut/ thumb size

71
Q

Routine fecalysis

A

Pass 3 stool samples collected at 2-day intervals

72
Q

What are the contaminants to avoid during fecalysis that makes it hard to find parasites?

A
  1. Urine
  2. Tissue paper
  3. Toilet water
73
Q

What kind of stool is requested in a fecalysis?

A

Fresh stool

74
Q

Preparation for fecalysis

A
  • avoid alcohol, vitamin c, aspirin, or ibuprofen before the test (alters the results of the test)
  • patient must also urinate before collecting the stool sample to orevent urine from mixing with the collected sample
75
Q

Test that involves the testing of blood glucose levels

A

Capillary Blood Glucose (CBG)

76
Q

What is an alternative when a venipuncture cannot be performed in a CBG

A

Capillary blood by skin puncture

77
Q

Puncture of the vein

A

Venipuncture

78
Q

Normal fasting glucose

A

70 -120 mg/ 100mL

79
Q

When is the normal fasting glucose obtained?

A

Early morning before meal, with fasting of 8-10 hours

80
Q

An FBS that is normal

A

Below 100 mg/dL (5.6 mmol/L)

81
Q

An FBS level indicating prediabetes

A

100-125 mg/dL (5.6-6.9 mmol/L)

82
Q

FBS level indicating diabetes

A

126 mg/dL (7mmol/L) or higher on two separate tests

83
Q

Rate of a Random Blood sugar which is considered normal

A

Less than 140 mg/dL

84
Q

Random Blood sugar that is abnormal

A

More than or 200mg/dL

85
Q

Glycated hemoglobin

A

Hemoglobin A1C

86
Q

An indicator of how well the Diabetes is being controlled

A

Hemoglobin A1C

87
Q

When is a Hemoglobin A1C tested

A

After 3 months

88
Q

Measuring the amounts of blood glucose attached to the hemoglobin

A

Hemoglobin A1C

89
Q

Normal reference range of a Hemoglobin A1C

A

4.9-6.4%

90
Q

Good control range in Hb A1c

A

6.5-7.0%

91
Q

Poor control range in Hb A1c

A

Above 7 %

92
Q

Preparation of CBG

A

NPO (Nil per Os; nothing by mouth) for 8-10 hours for fasting Blood Glucose test. Results help doctor diagnose or rule out diabetes.

93
Q

Test used to determine fractire or dislocation

A

X-ray

94
Q

Different types of x-rays (3)

A

Anteroposterior x-ray
Posteroanterior x-ray
Lateral x-ray

95
Q

What bone diseases are revealed during x-ray (4)

A
  1. Solitary lesions
  2. Multiple focal lesions in one bone / generalized lesions involving all bones
  3. Arthritis
  4. Infection
96
Q

CBG That is taken any time, no need to fast first

A

Random Blood sugar

97
Q

A test that uses powerful magnetic fields and radio frequency in order to get a detailed image

A

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

98
Q

A test that utlizes x-ray to produce images of the inside of the body

A

Computed tomography scan (CT Scan)

99
Q

Projections in x-ray (6)

A

A. Denotes an anteroposterior projection
B. A posteroanterior projection
C. Indicates a lateral projection in Right Lateral position
D. Indicates a lateral projection in Left Lateral position
E. Patien is in a Left Anterior Oblique (LAO) position
F. Patien is in a Right Anterior Oblique (RAO) position, both corresponding to posteroanterior oblique projection.

100
Q

Preparation in x-ray

A

-removes all jewelry from the body area to be x-rayed, eyeglasses and any metal subjects because they can show on upon x-ray

  • inform physician and x-ray technologist if there is any possibility that the client is pregnant
101
Q

Why is it important for the x-ray technologist to ne awate that the patient is pregnant

A

In order to minimize radiation exposure to the baby

102
Q

A graphic representation of the electrical impulses generated by the heary during the cardiac cycle

A

Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG)

103
Q

How many lead is in ECG

A

12 lead.ECG, 5 electrodes. 1 electrode placed on each of the extremities and one (V1-V6) is successively placed on the chest

104
Q

What is applied before applying the ECG

A

Clean water / alcohol

105
Q

What is used on the extremities durimg ecg

A

ECG clamps

106
Q

What is connected to the chest during ECG

A

ECG bulb

107
Q

V1: _____
V2:_____
V3:______
V4:______
V5:______
V6:_____

A

V1: 4th ICS to the R of the sternum
V2: 4th ICS to the L of the sternum
V3: Directly between the leads V2 and V4
V4: 5th ICS at MCL
V5: Level with V4, at L anterior axillary line
V6: Level with 5, at L Midaxillary line (directly under the midpoint of the armpit)

108
Q

Purpose of the appearance of EKG

A

To diagnose abnormalities interfering with electrical conduction through the heart

109
Q

A portable device that records heary rhythm, maybe done if ECG can’t probide details about the heart condition

A

Holter Monitor

110
Q

Test that is a continuous ECG recording over an extended period of time

A

Holter Monitor

111
Q

Holter Monitor records electrical activity of the heart for up to how many hours?

A

24 hours

112
Q

The ECG in holter monitors is recorded on _______ and monitors cardiac rhythm during ______,______, and ______

A

Magnetic tape
Activity, rest, and sleep

113
Q

Preparation for ECG

A
  1. Avoid oily or greasy skin creams and lotion
  2. Avoud full-length hosier of tight pants
  3. Wear a shirt that can be remove easily
114
Q

Preparation for client before the ECG procedure

A
  1. Remove all metals, such as belt, coins, earing, bracelets, necklace, others.
  2. Remove clothing from waist up
    3.Place client in supine position or semi Fowler’s position
  3. Instruct client to
    A. Lie still ll without talking
    B. Arms lying flat on the side
    C. Relax the shoulders
    D. Legs uncrossed
115
Q

In preparation for cloent before procedure of ECG, whta to instruct to the client (4)

A

A. Lie still ll without talking
B. Arms lying flat on the side
C. Relax the shoulders
D. Legs uncrossed

116
Q

Test that give an accurate view of the right ventricle

A

V4R

117
Q

The view of the right ventricle is useful in cases of what?

A

Suspected RV infarction

118
Q

A common occurrence in case of inferior STEMI (40% incidence) and should be investigated in the presence of any inferior STEMI pattern

A

Right Ventricular infarction

119
Q

Abnormally detected on the 12- lead ECG

A

ST-Segment elevation

120
Q

A serious type of heart attack during which one of the heart’s major arteries is blocked

A

ST-elevation Myocardial infarction (STEMI)

121
Q

The act of double checking data / verifying if it is accurate and factual

A

Validation of Data

122
Q

The confirmation or verification of subjective and Objective data collected are reliable or accurate

A

Validation of data

123
Q

Steps in the validation of Data

A
  1. Decide whether the data requires validation
  2. Determine ways to validate data
  3. Identify the areas for which the data are missing
124
Q

Methods of validation (4)

A
  1. Recheck your own data through a repeat assessment
  2. Clarify data from the client by asking additional question
  3. Verify data with another health care professional
  4. Compare your objective findings to subjective findingd to uncover discrepancies
125
Q

Recording of data

A

Documentation of Data

126
Q

Health care institutions have developed ________ and _________ policies and procedures that provide not only the _____ for documenting but also _________ in completing the forms

A

Assessment
Documentation
Criteria
Assistance

127
Q

Documentation of Data that ensures that nurse gathers pertinent information needed to meet the standards and guidelines of the specific information institution

A

Electronic health record (EHR)

128
Q

Purposes of Documentation

A
  1. To promote healthy effective communication among multidisciplinary healteh team members to facilitate safe and efficient client care
  2. Electronic medical record - supplied by physician who made medical diagnosis and prescribed treatments
  3. Electronic Health Records - more comprehensive health status and not only the medical status
129
Q

To promote healthy effective communication among multidisciplinary health team members to facilitate safe and efficient client care
(sub concepts (3))

A
  • documented assessment data provide the health care team eith a database that becomes the foundation of rhe client
  • basis formulate nursing diagnosis, plan of care and immediate and ongoing nursing intervention
  • database establish a way to communicate with team members
130
Q

Documentation supplied by physician who made medical diagnoses and prescribed treatments

A

Electronic medical record

131
Q

Documentation thatvis more comprehensive health status and not only the medical status

A

Electronic health records

132
Q

Documentation used in a variety of health care providers

A

Electronic health records

133
Q

Documentation that focused on the toral health (E,P,S,S)aspect of the client

A

Electronic health records

134
Q

This record shared data with others promote collaboration

A

Electronic health records

135
Q

It’s purpose is that a data are centralized at the registration

A

Integrated hospital operations management information system (IHOMIS)

136
Q

Chart content

A

Clinical sheet
Monitoring sheet
TPR sheet
Doctor’s order
Laboratory results
IV sheet
Nurse’s notes

137
Q

Information requiring documentation

A

Subjective data
Objective data

138
Q

Includes biographic data, present health concern and symptoms, personal health history, family history, lifestyle, and health practices

A

Subjective data

139
Q

Subjective data includes?

A

Includes biographic data,
present health concern and symptoms,
personal health history,
family history,
lifestyle,
and health practices

140
Q

Physical data laboratory and also other daya from the chart

A

Objective data

141
Q

Guidelines for Documentation (12)

A
  1. Keep confidential all documented information in the client record
  2. Document legibility or print neatly ion nonerasable ink
  3. Use correct grammar and spelling. Use only abbreviations that are acceptable and approved by institutions
  4. Avoud wordiness that creates redundancy
  5. Use phrases instead of sentences to record data
  6. Record data findings not how they were obtained
  7. Write entries objectively without making premature judgements or diagnosis. Use quotation marks to identify clearly the client’s response
  8. Record the client’s understanding and perception of problems
  9. Avoid recording the word “normal” for normal findings
  10. Record complete information and details for all client’s symptoms or experience
  11. Include additional assessment content when applicable
  12. Support objective data witeh specific observation obtained during rhe physical examination
142
Q

How are errors correct in documentation

A

Drawing one line through the entry, eriting error and initializing the entry

143
Q

What not to do when when there is an error in documentation

A

Using white paint or tape, an eraser or tape, an eraser or a marking pen

144
Q

In grammar and spelling in a documentation, what terms to avoid

A

Slang, jargon, or labels unless thry are direct quote

HEALTH ASSESSMENT: Laboratory Examinations/Tests (1 decks)

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