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VN02 Revision > Laboratory Diagnostic Aids > Flashcards

Laboratory Diagnostic Aids Flashcards

1
Q

What is polychromasia ?

A

Differing intensity of staining

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2
Q

What is crenation?

A

Cells showing spiky margins due to shrinkage. Air drying of blood film too slow.

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3
Q

What are Howell Jolly bodies?

A

These are basophilic nuclear remnants seen in erythrocytes. Due to anaemia and splenic disorders.

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4
Q

What is Roleaux formation?

A

Arrangement of red blood cells into stacks. Associated with fibrinogen or globulin increase in blood. Normal in horses but not cats or dogs.

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5
Q

What are reticulocytes?

A

Immature red blood cells with nucleus. IMHA, blood loss.

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6
Q

What is anisocytosis?

A

Different size rbcs. Anaemia is cause.

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7
Q

What increases PCV

A

Dehydration, diabetes insipidus.

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8
Q

What decreases PCV

A

Anaemia, bleeding, hypovolaemic shock

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9
Q

What causes Eosinophilia

A

Parasitic infestation

Allergy

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10
Q

What causes eosinopenia

A

Steroid usage

Cushings disease

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11
Q

What causes neutrophilia

A

Inflammation, infection, stress, steroids

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12
Q

What is hemolysis

A

Disintegration of the red blood cells due to trauma, contact with certain chemicals or osmotic changes.

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13
Q

Causes of hemolysis?

A

Too small needle used
Shaking of sample
Pulling on the syringe plunger too hard
Blood in contact with acid, alkali or alcohol

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14
Q

Effects of hemolysis on a blood sample

A

Abnormally low rbc and pcv

abnormally high protein level

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15
Q

What is lipaemia

A

Presence of lipids in the blood.

Usually from a feed prior to venepuncture.

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16
Q

Effects of lipaemia on blood sample

A

Elevated biochem values

increased likelihood of haemolysis

17
Q

Serum vs plasma

A

Plasma contains clotting factor fibrinogen

18
Q

What is PCV

A

Packed Cell Volume - percentage of red blood cells in the blood. Also referred as haematocrit.

19
Q

What is normal dog and cat pcv

A

Dog 37-55%

Cat 30-45%

20
Q

Why is EDTA used for PCV ?

A

EDTA removes calcium needed for clotting. Heparin interferes with activation and formation of thrombin and delays clotting.

21
Q

3 examples of Romanowsky stain

A
  • Diffquik
  • Giemsa
  • Leishman’s
22
Q

What stains are used in Romanowsky staining

A

Methylene blue

Eosin red

23
Q

What is polychromasia - hipochromasia?

A

Polychromasia - differing intensity of staining of rbc

Hipochromasia - understaining

24
Q

What is Improved Neubauer Haemocytometer?

A

For counting of WBCs

25
Q

Increased protein level reasons

A

Dehydration, lactation, infection, neoplasia

26
Q

Decreased protein levels reasons

A

Hepatic/renal dysfunction, malabsorption, immunodeficiency

27
Q

Raised cholesterol levels

A

Hypothyroidism, cushings disease, post prandial, diabetes mellitus.

28
Q

Raised urea reasons

A

Renal failure, renal hypoxia, chronic heart failure, high protein diets, low carb diets, dehydration, urethral obstruction, ruptured bladder.

29
Q

What is pink/red, EDTA tube is used for

A

Haematology

30
Q

What is orange Lit/Hep tube used for

A

Biochemistry

31
Q

What is white/brown serum tube used for

A

All serum tests

32
Q

What is green sodium citrate tube used for

A

Coagulation studies/prothrombin test

33
Q

What is yellow sodium fluoride/potassium oxalate tube used for

A

Glucose testing

34
Q

4 types of casts

A

Hyaline, granular, cellular, waxy

35
Q

What cellular casts can indicate?

A

Acute renal disease

36
Q

What granular casts can indicate?

A

Chronic renal disease. Associated with inflammatory change.

37
Q

What is the name of the counting chamber used to count worm ova?

A

The McMaster slide or Ovassay

38
Q

What worm eggs cannot be counted with McMaster or Ovassay and why

A

Tapeworm ova as they sink, while roundworms float.

VN02 Revision (2 decks)

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