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Laboratory > Laboratory > Flashcards

Laboratory Flashcards

1
Q

Importance of diagnostics

A

Find cause
Compare results
Change care
Targeted treatment

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2
Q 
Ocular/eye piece
Objective lens
Iris diaphragm
Substage condenser
Coarse focus
Fine focus
Rheostat
A 
...
Magnifies (low x4/10, high x40/100)
Controls the amount of light let through
Gathers the light and concentrates it into a cone of light which illuminates specimen
Brings object into focus
Refines image.
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3
Q 
Hazardous waste regulations
Year
Register with
Cosignment note kept for
Inspected by
Lists?
A 
2005
Gov annually
3 years
HSE
Waste products deemed hazardous by waste framework directive
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4
Q

Collection and disposal of waste regulations
Year
Replaces
Incineration our holding waste requires

A

1988
Control of pollution act 1974
Disposal licence

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5
Q 
Centrifuge
Spins at?
Used for?
Plasma
Buffy coat
Clot
A

Separates liquids into different densities
10,000RMP / 5 minutes
Haematocrit, biochemistry, urine, faecal egg count
Fluid in which cellular components are suspended in
WBC
RBC

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6
Q

Microscope
Oil immersion
Main scale
Vernier scale

A

X100, refracts light
Attached to stage
Moves with stage

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7
Q 
Refractometer
Used for
Callibrate to
Ppe
Lower the spg
Higher
Dog
Cat
Horse
A 
Spg, total solid
1.000 (distilled water)
Gloves, apron
More dilute
Concentrated
1.015-1.045
1.035-1.060
1.020-1.050
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8
Q

Analysers
Haematology
What it does?
Anticoagulant used?

A

Analysis of components of the blood

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid

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9
Q 
Analysers
Biochemistry
What it does?
Anticoagulant used?
Dry analyser
Wet analyser
Serum=
A 
Analysis of components of plasma
Lithium heparin
Colour change due to light
Colour change due to chemical
Plasma - clotting agents
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10
Q 
Analysers
Electrolyte + blood gas analyser
What it does?
Anticoagulant
Gives info on
A

Tells PH of the blood
Lithium heparin
potassium, sodium, chloride

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11
Q 
Needles
16g
18g
19g
20g
21g
22g
23g
24g
25g
26g
Iv dog, cat, horse
Im dog, cat, horse
A 
White
Pink
Cream
Yellow
Green
Black
Blue
Purple
Orange
Brown
21/23, 23,25, 20
21/23, 23, 18
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12
Q

Large amounts of pressure in the syringe cause
Colour?
Yellow serum =
Milky white =

A

Haemolysis
Pink / red
Icteric (bilirubin)
Lipaemic (fat, unstarved)

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13
Q

Sample preservation
Plasma proteins act as a
Thrombin is a
Anticoagulants block

A

Catalyst for conversion of prothrombin to thrombin (thromboplastin)
Calcium and a clotting factor which converts fibrinogen into fibrin
Calcium

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14
Q 
Blood tubes
EDTA
Sodium fluoride/potassium oxalate
Lithium heparin
Sodium citrate
Plain
Serum
A

Pink cap, mauve vac, haema, pcv, blood smear,
Yellow top, grey vac, glucose estimate
Orange top, green vac, biochem, Electrolytes
Blue top, blue vac, clotting profile
White top, red vac, urine
Brown top, red vac, serum, bile acids, biochem

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15
Q 
Urine
Better to catch when
Types of collection
Run within?
Refrigerated for
Transport sample
A

Midstream
Free flow, catheter, cystocentesis, manual expression,
1 hour
6 hours plain container
Boric acid, hydrochloric acid, thymol, acetic acid- red top

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16
Q 
Faeces
Lid colour
Equine rectal sample
Refrigerated
E. Coli
A

Blue, 50g max
Vet
48 hours max
Gram - rod

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17
Q

Skin and hair

Preservative

A

Liquid paraffin

Potassium hydroxide

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18
Q

Secretions
Common preservative
Transport for virus

A

Aimes charcoal

Glasgow virus

19
Q

Tissue preservation

Preservative

A

Formalin saline 10x sample

Fixes sample

20
Q 
Cerebrospinal fluid
Found?
Perform when
2 sample points
Diagnose
Maintain
Limbs restrained cranially during Lumbar by
Tube colour
A

Clear, colourless liquid
Cushions the brain and Spinal chord (subarachnoid space + ventricular system)
Ultrafiltrate (choroid plexus)
CNS issue nothing else worked
Cisternal (non collapsing et tube, 1.5inch)
Lumbar (2-3.5inch)
Meningitis, infection, tumour (protein, glucose)
Axis occipital bone alignment
Flexing coxofemoral joints
EDTA 1ml/5kg

21
Q 
Bone marrow
Greater tubercle of humerus
Iliac crest
Intratrochantic fossa of femur
Cytology (saline)
   Leukaemia
   Myeloma
Histopathology (formuline)
   Myelofibrosis
   Metastatic neoplasia
   Lymphoma
A 
Dog
Dog
Cat
Cancer of dysplasia (change to blood cells)
Cancer of maturation defect to plasma cells
Defect in production of blood cells
Spreading of cancer
Cancer of lymphatic system
22
Q

Synovial fluid
What is it?
Found where?
Tubes used

A

Viscous fluid which reduces friction
Radiocarpal, intercarpal, carpal sheath
Plain or EDTA

23
Q

Fine needle aspiration
Who can do?
Needle, syringe
Vaccum

A

Rvn
25g, 2.5ml
2-4ml

24
Q

Equine tracheal wash / BAL

Tube colour

A

EDTA/plain

5-10ml warmed saline

25
Q

Pericardiocentesis
Relieves?

Thrombocentesis
Enters?

Abdominal paracentesis
Removes?
Tube

A

Cardiac tamponade
Thoracic cavity
Peritoneal fluid (ascites)
EDTA, pain tube

26
Q 
Haemolysis
Lysis
Turgid
Osmosis
Permeability
Isotonic
Hypotonic
Hypertonic
Crenation
A 
Breakdown of red blood cells
Breakdown down of a cell membrane
Swelling of a cell (hypotonic)
Movement of water from a lower concentration to a higher concentration through a semi Permeable membrane
Tinicity and osmotic pressure the same
Lower concentration than the cell
Higher concentration than the cell
Shrinking (hypertonic)
27
Q

Storage and transportation
Maintain temp at

Packaging and labelling
Classified by
Category A
Catergory B
Withstand pressure of
Label
Occult blood
A 
2-8 degrees
Potential harm
Infectious substance that causes fatal disease to human or animals
   UN2814 - HUMANS
   UN2900 - ANIMALS
infectious substance
   UN3373 - diagnostic speciemens
95pka
Delivery, senders address, emergency contact, UN no, hazard warning
Hidden blood
28
Q

ELISA
Detects antibody, antigen

Foal immunoglobulins (igg)
Absorption?
Transfusion?

A

Enzyme linked immunoabsorbant assay
Impregnated with antigens which antibodies stick to (colour change)
Detects prescence of antigen directly

Failure of passive transfer from colostrum
Absorption of antibodies 6-8 hours.
Stops at 24/36hrs
<400mg/dl

29
Q 
Haematopoiesis
Haemophilia
Leukopenia
Leucocytosis
Penia
Philia/cytosis
Rouleux
Reticulocyte
Hypochromasia
Howell-jolly body
Heinz body
Aggulanation
A 
Production of blood cells
Impaired ability to make blood clots
Deficiency of white blood cells
Increase in white blood cells
Deficiency
Increase/decrease in cells
Aggregation of RBC in chains
Immature RBC
RBC with lack of colour (hypoxia)
Cluster of DNA remnants in RBC (splenectomy)
RBC composed of denatured haemoglobin
Cells combine
30
Q 
Staining
Romanowsky stains
Made from?
Study?
Contains?
Used for?
A

Water soluble eosin, methylene blue, absolute methanol
Malaria parasite
Leishmans (ppe) , diff quick(fixation solution methanol (blue), stain solution 1 eosin (red), stain solution 2 methylene blue (purple)) , giemsa
Differential white cell count, presence of blood parasite, rough platelet count

31
Q 
Staining
Supra-vital sign
Introduced into?
Includes?
Used for?
A

Living tissue removed from body but begot cessation of chemical life
Methylene blue, brilliant cresyl blue
Reticulocyte count
Detect Heinz body

32
Q 
White blood cells
Difference?
Neutrophil
Basophil
Eosinophil
Monocyte
Lymphocyte
Increase in band neutrophil =
Manual counting uses
A 
G. Size and staining
G. Inflammation from infection
G. Increase with Allergic reaction
AG. Increase with parasitic infection
AG. Acquired immunity
A shift to the left
Diluting chamber and haemocytometer
33
Q 
Packed cell volume
Measures?
Anticoagulant?
Dog
Cat
Horse
Myeloid =
A 
Hydration and blood loss
EDTA
37-55%
24-45%
30-49%
Bone marrow
34
Q

AST test

BUN

A

Liver function

Kidneys (blood urea nitrogen)

35
Q 
Urine
Pigment?
Green?
Sg measures?
Increase?
Decrease?
Ph dog, cat, horse?
Haemoglobinuria
Myoglobinurea
Centrifuge
A 
Urochrome
Biliverdin/meds
Density of known volume of fluid
Renal, sediment, fluid loss, chemical
Hyperthyroidism, pu/pd, renal, steroids
5-7, 7-9, 7-9
Iv haemolysis
Trauma to muscles
1,500 RMP, 5 minutes
36
Q 
Casts
Formed?
Consist of?
Form in distal tubules if?
Dissolve in?
Types?
A 
Kidney tubules
Precipitated proteins
Acidic conditions
Alkaline urine
Hyaline (rectangular, clear)
Cellular (clump of cells)
Granular (grainy)
Waxy (hyaline but square, not clear)
37
Q 
Crystals
Triple phosphate/magnesium ammonium phosphate/struvite
Ca phosphate
Ca oxalate
Ammonium biurate
Uric acid
Cystine
Calcium carbonate
Leucine
Tyrosine
Phosphate and calcium carbonates =
A 
Alkaline, bacterial UTI
Alkaline urine
Acidic, antifreeze
Acidic, dalmations, pss
Acidic
Acidic
Alkaline, Equine and rabbit
Acidic
Acidic
Alkaline
38
Q 
Vernier
Invented by?
Record along?
Values? 
Whole number then a?
Demodex
Otodectes
Cheyletiella
A 
Pierre vernier
X, Y axis
11 values
Fraction
Hair pluck
Hair pluck
Tape strip
39
Q

Floatation =

Baerman technique detects?

A 
Mcmasters technique (strongyle and parascaris equorum) salt, sugar, sodium nitrate, magnesium or zinc sulphate, 1500, 2 minutes, 3g, 42ml
Angiostronguluas, 20g, 24hrs, iodine to highlight
40
Q 
Microbiological media
Carbon compounds =
Nitrogen compounds =
Simple media contains?
Enriched media
   Blood agar contains?
   Chocolate agar?
Selective media?
   Selenite broth
   Mcconkeys agar
   Desoxychocolate citrate agar
Biochemical media incubates?
Plate storage at?
Glassware cleaned with?
Incubate plates at and for?
A 
Energy
Proteins for growth
Basic growth factor (broth and agar)
10% animal blood (B-haemolytic streps)
Heated (80°) rupture RBC
Salmonella
Ferment lactose
Salmonella
Dermatophytosis (destroy in autoclave, 121)
5°c
Soft bristled brush
37°c and 18-24 hours
41
Q 
Staining slide
Methylene blue stained for?
Grams method?
    \+
     -
Primary stain =
Mordent
Decolouriser
Red stain added to counter stain
Ziehl-neilsens method
   Detect?
A

Blue for 2 minutes
Purple - increase peptidoglycan, no lipopolysaccarhide
Pink - botj peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccarhide
Violet (methyl, crystal, gentain violet)
Fixes violet stain (lugols iodine, gram iodine)
Acetone
Acidic fast organisms (Tuberculosis)
Acidic fast =red, non = blue

42
Q 
Sensitivity testing
Pg
S
Ot
Ap
C
Ts
Cfx
A
A 
Penicillin g
Streptomycin
Oxytetracycline.
Amipenicillin
Chloramphenicol
Cotrimoxazole
Cephalexin
Amoxycillin
43
Q

Fungal cultures

Selective media

A

Sabourauds agar

Yellow to red

Laboratory (1 decks)

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