Laboratory Flashcards
1
Q
Normal Hemoglobin values?
A
11-15
2
Q
Normal RBC count?
A
3.5-5
3
Q
Normal Hematocrit?
A
35-45
4
Q
Normal MCV?
A
76-100
5
Q
Normal MCHC?
A
31-37
6
Q
Normal WBC?
A
3,200-10,000
7
Q
Normal neutrophils/segmented polymorphs?
A
40-74% (60)
8
Q
Normal lymphocyte count?
A
14-46% (20)
9
Q
Normal monocyte count?
A
4-13% (8)
10
Q
Normal eosinophil count?
A
0-1% (2)
11
Q
Normal basophil count?
A
0-3% (0)
12
Q
Normal platelet count?
A
130,000 to 400,000
13
Q
Normal immature neutrophils (bands) count?
A
3-5%
14
Q
Tests for inflammation and their normal values?
A
ESR 0-20
CRP 0-3
15
Q
Normal BUN?
A
8-18
16
Q
Normal creatinine?
A
0.6 - 1.2
17
Q
Normal sodium?
A
135 - 145
18
Q
Normal potassium?
A
3.5 -5
19
Q
Normal calcium?
A
8.8-10.3
20
Q
Normal chloride?
A
95-105
21
Q
Normal bicarbonate (Total CO2)
A
20-32
22
Q
Normal Bilirubin:
Total
Indirect
Direct
A
0-1.2
0 - 1
0 - 0.2
23
Q
Normal liver function tests: AST ALT GGT Proteins, total Albumin Globulin Glucose
A
0 - 40 0 - 40 0 - 30 6-8 4 - 6 1.5 - 3.8 65 - 100
24
Q
Normal albumin:globulin ratio
A
1:2.2
25
```
Normal:
Total cholesterol
Triglycerides
HDL
LDL
```
<200 mg/dL
<165 mg/dL
>40 mg/dL
<130 mg/dL
26
Bacteria in urine =
UTI/contamination
27
Bilirubin in urine is indicative of?
Intra-hepatic or post-hepatic jaundice
28
Barrel-shaped crystals in urine is indicative of?
Uric acid
29
Coffin lid shaped crystals in urine is indicative of?
Triple phosphate stones
30
Envelope shaped crystals in urine is indicative of?
Calcium oxalate stones
31
Fatty casts in urine is indicative of?
Nephrotic syndrome
32
Hexagonal shaped crystals in urine is indicative of?
Cystine stones
33
Nitrites in urine is indicative of?
UTI (except Staph saprophyticus)
34
Protein in urine is indicative of?
UTI, glomerulonephritis, nephritic syndrome
35
RBC's in urine is indicative of?
Kidney trauma, stones, nephritis, cancer
36
RBC casts in urine is indicative of?
Glomerulonephritis, Goodpasture syndrome
37
No urobilinogen in urine is indicative of?
Obstructive jaundice, stone in common bile duct
38
Black colour in urine is indicative of?
Ochronosis
39
Waxy casts in urine is indicative of?
Advanced renal failure
40
White blood cell casts in urine is indicative of?
Pyelonephritis
41
White blood cells in urine is indicative of?
UTI, glomerulonephritis, vaginal contamination
42
Atypical lymphocytes (Downey cells) in a CBC is indicative of?
Infectious Mononucleosis
43
High hemoglobin, RBC count, hematocrit in a CBC is indicative of?
Polycythemia
44
Iron deficiency anemia is what type of anemia?
Microcytic hypochromic anemia
45
Folic acid or Vit B12 deficiency anemia is what type?
Macrocytic normochromic
46
Elevated neutrophils in a CBC is indicative of?
Bacterial infection/inflammation
47
Elevated lymphocytes in a CBC is indicative of?
Viral infection, chronic inflammation, leukemia
48
Elevated eosinophils in a CBC is indicative of?
Parasitic infection, allergies
49
Elevated monocytes in a CBC is indicative of?
Chronic infection or Hodgkin's lymphoma
50
Elevated basophils in a CBC is indicative of?
Chronic infection or leukemia
51
Low WBC's in a CBC is indicative of?
Sarcoidosis, AIDS, SLE, marrow failure, drugs
52
Low platelets in a CBC is indicative of?
Thrombocytopenia, aplastic anemia
53
Low RBCs, WBCs, platelets in a CBC is indicative of?
Aplastic anemia
54
Low reticulocytes in a CBC is indicative of?
Hypofunctioning bone marrow
55
Burr cells in a CBC is indicative of?
Liver disease
56
Target cells in a CBC is indicative of?
Hypochromic anemia, Thalassemia minor
57
Basophilic stippling of RBC's in a CBC is indicative of?
Lead poisoning (plumbism)
58
Shift to left in a CBC is indicative of?
Acute infection
59
Anisocytes are? in a CBC is indicative of?
RBCs of varying sizes, iron deficiency anemia
60
Drepranocytes are what shape?
Sickle shaped
61
Howell-Jolly bodies are?in a CBC is indicative of?
Nucleated RBCs
| Sickle cell disease or postsplenectomy
62
Rouleaux formation is? in a CBC is indicative of?
RBCs stacked like coins
| Multiple myeloma, infections, diabetes mellitus
63
Spherocytes in a CBC is indicative of?
Hereditary spherocytosis
64
Increased osmotic fragility in a CBC is indicative of?
Hereditary spherocytosis
65
Decreased osmotic fragility in a CBC is indicative of?
Sickle cell disease and Thalassemia
66
You would check ALT/SGPT for what conditions?
Liver disease, pancreatitis, MI
67
You would check the albumin/globulin ratio for?
Multiple myeloma, liver disease
68
Elevated alkaline phosphatase is indicative for?
Bone pathology, liver damage, prostate cancer
69
You would check AST/SGOT for what conditions?
Liver disease, MI, stroke
70
Elevated BUN can indicate?
Renal failure, dehydration, GI bleeding, burns
71
Elevated creatinine can indicate?
Muscle damage, renal damage, glomerulonephritis
72
GGT can be elevated in what conditions?
Alcohol liver damage, pancreatitis
73
Decreased phosphorus levels in what conditions?
Acromgealy, Hypervitaminosis D, kidney disease
74
Elevated phosphorus levels are seen in what conditions?
Rickets, hyperparathyroidism, vitamin D deficiency
75
Decreased potassium levels indicate?
Conn's, Cushing's, Thiamine deficiency
76
Elevated potassium levels indicate?
Addison's disease, dehydration
77
Decreased sodium levels indicate?
Addison's, water intoxication, CHF
78
Elevated sodium levels indicate?
Conn's, Renal failure, increased intake, dehydration
79
Total serum proteins are decreased in what pathologies?
Nephrotic syndrome, cirrhosis
80
Absent P waves indicate what abnormal heart rhythm? Seen in what condition?
Atrial fibrillation
| Hyperparathyroidism
81
ST depression is seen in what pathology?
Angina pectoris
82
ST elevation without pathological Q waves are seen in what pathology?
Pericarditis
83
Progressive prolongation of the PR interval is known as?
Wenckebach phenomenon (Mobitz type II)
84
Tall tented T waves are found in?
Hyperkalemia
85
U waves are found in what pathology?
Hypokalemia
86
What is the order of the appearance of cardiac enzymes in a myocardial infarction?
Troponin I
CK-MB
SGOT
LDH
87
Anti-CCP is found in?
RA
88
Anti-ds-DNA antibodies are found in?
SLE, autoimmune hepatitis
89
Anti-centromere antibodies are seen in?
Scleroderma
90
Anti-Jo antibodies are seen in?
Polymyositis
91
Anti-Sm antibodies are seen in?
SLE, autoimmune hepatitis
92
ANA is present in what pathologies?
SLE, scleroderma, autoimmune disorders
93
Thyroglobulin antibodies are foun in?
Hashimoto's thyroiditis
94
Elevated TSH is seen in?
1o hypothyroidism or 2o hyperthyroidism
95
Decreased TSH is seen in?
1o hyperthyroidism or 2o hypothyroidism
96
```
Bacterial meningitis levels of:
Glucose
Proteins
WBC
Others?
```
Decreased
Elevated
Neutrophils ++
Gram +/- cocci
97
```
Viral meningitis levels of:
Glucose
Proteins
WBC
Others?
```
Normal
Normal to high
Lymphocytes ++
Coxsackie virus
98
```
Fungal meningitis levels of:
Glucose
Proteins
WBC
Others?
```
Low
Elevated
Lymphocytes ++
Cryptococcus neoformans
99
```
Tuberculosis levels of:
Glucose
Proteins
WBC
Others?
```
Low
Elevated
neutrophis +
Ziehl-Neelsen + bacilli
100
```
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage levels of:
Glucose
Proteins
WBC
Others?
```
Normal
Elevated
Normal
RBCs +++, xanthochromia (yellow CSF)
101
```
Multiple Sclerosis levels of:
Glucose
Proteins
WBC
Others?
```
Normal
Elevated
Monocytes +
Oligoclonal IgG bands
102
```
Malignancy levels of:
Glucose
Proteins
WBC
Others?
```
Low
Elevated
Monocytes ++
Malignant cytology
103
Elevated alpha-feto protein could indicate what type of cancer?
Intestinal
104
Elevated amylase levels are seen in which conditions?
Pancreatitis, cholecystitis, and peptic ulcer disease
105
B type Natiruretic peptide is seen in what condition?
CHF
106
Carcot Leyden crystals/Curschmann's spirals are seen in what lung pathology?
Asthma
107
D-xylose testing is used to help diagnose?
Celiac disease
108
What conditions cause a decrease to FEV1?
Asthma, AS, Scoliosis
109
Flourescent treponemal antibody absorption test (FTAA) is used to diagnose what?
Syphilis
110
Decreased HDL increases the risk of?
Ischemic heart disease
111
Lactate dehydrogenase is elevated in what conditions?
MI, liver disease
112
What are the five classes for a pap smear?
```
Normal
Atypical/benign
Dysplasia/suspicious
Carcinoma in situ
Frank malignancy
```
113
Paul Bunnel think?
Mononucleosis
114
Urea breath test can find what organism?
H. Pylori
115
VMA (vanillylmandelic acid) is used to identiy what condition?
Pheochromocytoma
116
Impetigo, rheumatic fever, glomerulonephritis are caused by what microorganism?
Strep. Pyogenes
117
Impetigo, osteomyelitis, scaled skin syndrome are caused by what microorganism?
Staph. Aureus
118
Lyme Disease and Bell's palsy are caused by what microorganism?
Borrelia burgdorferi
119
UTI, food poisoning and hemolytic uremic syndrome are caused by what microorganism?
E. Coli
120
Chlamydia urethritis, trachoma, and Reiters syndrome are caused by what microorganism?
Chlamydia Trachomatis
121
pUD, atrophic gastritis, gastric carcinoma are caused by what microorganism?
H. Pylori
122
Lobar pneumonia is caused by what microorganism?
Step. Pneumoniae
123
Kaposi sarcoma is caused by what microorganism?
HHV Type 8
124
Penumonia in an HIV patient is caused by what microorganism?
Pneumocystis jiroveci (carinii)
125
Leprosy is caused by what microorganism?
Mycobacterium leprae
126
Burkitt's Lymphoma is caused by what microorganism?
HHV type 4 (Ebstein Barr virus)
127
Slapped cheeck syndrome is caused by what microorganism?
Parvo B19 virus
128
Gram + cocci in strips, B hemolytic, catalase negative describe what microorganism?
Strep pyogenes
129
Gram + cocci in strips, alpha hemolytic, catalase negative describe what microorganism?
Strep pneumoniae
130
Gram +, catalase +, coagulase +, cocci in clumps describe what microorganism?
Staph aureus
131
Big loose coiled spirochete on darkfield microscopy describe what microorganism?
Borrelia burgforferi
132
Double stranded enveloped DNA virus describe what microorganism?
Varicella-zoster virus
133
Gram -, enteric lactose fermenting, catalase + bacillus describe what microorganism?
E. Coli
134
Gram -, enteric lactose ferminting, urease + bacillus describe what microorganism?
Klebsiella pneumoniae
135
Ziehl Neelen stain for Alcohol acid fast bacilli describe what microorganism?
Mycobacterium TB
136
Tightly coiled spirochete on darkfield microscopy describe what microorganism?
Trepenoma pallidum
137
Gram - intracellular diplococci describe what microorganism?
N. Gonorrhea
138
Obligate intracellular, gram - bacterium describe what microorganism?
Chlamydia trachomatis
139
Gram -, urease +, bacillus, multiple flagella describe what microorganism?
H. Pylori
140
Motile flagellate protozoan in saline preparation describe what microorganism?
Trichomonas vaginalis
141
Branching hyphae w/buds on KOH preparation describe what microorganism?
Candida albicans
142
Spaghetti and meatballs appearance on KOH preparation describe what microorganism?
Malassezia furfur
143
Single stranded icosahedral non-enveloped picoRNA virus v
Hepatitis A
144
What is the test medium for most bacteria?
Blood agar
145
What is the test medium for bordetella pertussis?
Bordet-Gengou or Regan-Lowe
146
What is the test medium for Hemophilus and Neisseria?
Chocolate agar
147
What is the test medium for Mycoplasma pneumoniae?
Eaton's agar
148
What is the test medium for Salmonella and shigella?
Hektoen enteric aar
149
What is the test medium for Corynebacterium diphtheria?
Loeffler/Tellurite agar
150
What is the test medium for Mycobacterium TB?
Lowenstein-Jensen
151
What is the test medium for gram - lactose fermenting bacilli?
MacConkey agar
152
What is the test medium for viruses?
Purified chick embryo
153
What is the test medium for fungi?
Sabouraud
154
What is the test medium for N. gonorrhea?
Thayer-Martin
155
What is the test medium for vibrio cholera?
Thiosulfate Citrate Bile sucrose
156
What test do you do if you suspect anthrax?
Ascoli
157
What test do you do if you suspect Staph from Strep?
Catalase
158
What test do you do if you suspect Staph aureus?
Coagulase
159
What test do you do if you suspect scarlet fever?
Dick
160
What test do you do if you suspect Diphtheria?
Schick
161
What test do you do if you suspect back pain?
CBC, CMP, urinalysis, PSA< bence jones protein, urine culture and sensitivity
162
If your patient has back pain and you run a CMP what pathologies are you suspecting?
Multiple myeloma, mets, hyperparathyroidism, Pagets
163
What test do you do if you suspect fatigue?
CBC, CMP, urinalysis, thyroid function test, fecal occult blood, ELISA-lyme/HIV, Lyme titer, Monospot, VDRL
164
If your patient has fatigue and you run a CMP what pathologies are you suspecting?
Renal/liver failure, DM, MM, Conn's
165
What test do you do if you suspect headache?
CBC, ESR, CMP, CSF
166
If you have a patient with headache and an elevated ESR what pathology do you suspect?
Temporal arteritis
167
What test do you do if you suspect joint pain or swelling of malicious nature?
CBC, uric acid, RF, ANA, anti-ds-DNA antibodies, Lyme-ELISA, ESR, CRP, ASOT
168
What test do you do if you suspect recurrent infections of a malicious nature?
CBC, urinalysis, CMP, HIV-ELISA and Western Blot, Serum electrophoresis
169
What test do you do if you suspect unexplained weight loss of a malicious nature?
CBC, ESR, CMP, Urinalysis, TFTs, Fecal occult blood, sputum cytology, HIV-ELISA, PSA
