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Chiro Essentials General Diagnosis > Laboratory > Flashcards

Laboratory Flashcards

1
Q

Normal Hemoglobin values?

A

11-15

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2
Q

Normal RBC count?

A

3.5-5

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3
Q

Normal Hematocrit?

A

35-45

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4
Q

Normal MCV?

A

76-100

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5
Q

Normal MCHC?

A

31-37

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6
Q

Normal WBC?

A

3,200-10,000

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7
Q

Normal neutrophils/segmented polymorphs?

A

40-74% (60)

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8
Q

Normal lymphocyte count?

A

14-46% (20)

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9
Q

Normal monocyte count?

A

4-13% (8)

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10
Q

Normal eosinophil count?

A

0-1% (2)

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11
Q

Normal basophil count?

A

0-3% (0)

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12
Q

Normal platelet count?

A

130,000 to 400,000

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13
Q

Normal immature neutrophils (bands) count?

A

3-5%

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14
Q

Tests for inflammation and their normal values?

A

ESR 0-20

CRP 0-3

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15
Q

Normal BUN?

A

8-18

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16
Q

Normal creatinine?

A

0.6 - 1.2

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17
Q

Normal sodium?

A

135 - 145

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18
Q

Normal potassium?

A

3.5 -5

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19
Q

Normal calcium?

A

8.8-10.3

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20
Q

Normal chloride?

A

95-105

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21
Q

Normal bicarbonate (Total CO2)

A

20-32

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22
Q

Normal Bilirubin:
Total
Indirect
Direct

A

0-1.2
0 - 1
0 - 0.2

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23
Q 
Normal liver function tests:
AST
ALT
GGT
Proteins, total
Albumin
Globulin
Glucose
A 
0 - 40
0 - 40
0 - 30
6-8
4 - 6
1.5 - 3.8
65 - 100
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24
Q

Normal albumin:globulin ratio

A

1:2.2

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25
Q 
Normal:
Total cholesterol 
Triglycerides
HDL
LDL
A

<200 mg/dL
<165 mg/dL
>40 mg/dL
<130 mg/dL

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26
Q

Bacteria in urine =

A

UTI/contamination

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27
Q

Bilirubin in urine is indicative of?

A

Intra-hepatic or post-hepatic jaundice

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28
Q

Barrel-shaped crystals in urine is indicative of?

A

Uric acid

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29
Q

Coffin lid shaped crystals in urine is indicative of?

A

Triple phosphate stones

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30
Q

Envelope shaped crystals in urine is indicative of?

A

Calcium oxalate stones

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31
Q

Fatty casts in urine is indicative of?

A

Nephrotic syndrome

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32
Q

Hexagonal shaped crystals in urine is indicative of?

A

Cystine stones

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33
Q

Nitrites in urine is indicative of?

A

UTI (except Staph saprophyticus)

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34
Q

Protein in urine is indicative of?

A

UTI, glomerulonephritis, nephritic syndrome

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35
Q

RBC’s in urine is indicative of?

A

Kidney trauma, stones, nephritis, cancer

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36
Q

RBC casts in urine is indicative of?

A

Glomerulonephritis, Goodpasture syndrome

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37
Q

No urobilinogen in urine is indicative of?

A

Obstructive jaundice, stone in common bile duct

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38
Q

Black colour in urine is indicative of?

A

Ochronosis

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39
Q

Waxy casts in urine is indicative of?

A

Advanced renal failure

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40
Q

White blood cell casts in urine is indicative of?

A

Pyelonephritis

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41
Q

White blood cells in urine is indicative of?

A

UTI, glomerulonephritis, vaginal contamination

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42
Q

Atypical lymphocytes (Downey cells) in a CBC is indicative of?

A

Infectious Mononucleosis

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43
Q

High hemoglobin, RBC count, hematocrit in a CBC is indicative of?

A

Polycythemia

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44
Q

Iron deficiency anemia is what type of anemia?

A

Microcytic hypochromic anemia

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45
Q

Folic acid or Vit B12 deficiency anemia is what type?

A

Macrocytic normochromic

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46
Q

Elevated neutrophils in a CBC is indicative of?

A

Bacterial infection/inflammation

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47
Q

Elevated lymphocytes in a CBC is indicative of?

A

Viral infection, chronic inflammation, leukemia

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48
Q

Elevated eosinophils in a CBC is indicative of?

A

Parasitic infection, allergies

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49
Q

Elevated monocytes in a CBC is indicative of?

A

Chronic infection or Hodgkin’s lymphoma

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50
Q

Elevated basophils in a CBC is indicative of?

A

Chronic infection or leukemia

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51
Q

Low WBC’s in a CBC is indicative of?

A

Sarcoidosis, AIDS, SLE, marrow failure, drugs

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52
Q

Low platelets in a CBC is indicative of?

A

Thrombocytopenia, aplastic anemia

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53
Q

Low RBCs, WBCs, platelets in a CBC is indicative of?

A

Aplastic anemia

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54
Q

Low reticulocytes in a CBC is indicative of?

A

Hypofunctioning bone marrow

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55
Q

Burr cells in a CBC is indicative of?

A

Liver disease

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56
Q

Target cells in a CBC is indicative of?

A

Hypochromic anemia, Thalassemia minor

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57
Q

Basophilic stippling of RBC’s in a CBC is indicative of?

A

Lead poisoning (plumbism)

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58
Q

Shift to left in a CBC is indicative of?

A

Acute infection

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59
Q

Anisocytes are? in a CBC is indicative of?

A

RBCs of varying sizes, iron deficiency anemia

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60
Q

Drepranocytes are what shape?

A

Sickle shaped

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61
Q

Howell-Jolly bodies are?in a CBC is indicative of?

A

Nucleated RBCs

Sickle cell disease or postsplenectomy

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62
Q

Rouleaux formation is? in a CBC is indicative of?

A

RBCs stacked like coins

Multiple myeloma, infections, diabetes mellitus

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63
Q

Spherocytes in a CBC is indicative of?

A

Hereditary spherocytosis

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64
Q

Increased osmotic fragility in a CBC is indicative of?

A

Hereditary spherocytosis

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65
Q

Decreased osmotic fragility in a CBC is indicative of?

A

Sickle cell disease and Thalassemia

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66
Q

You would check ALT/SGPT for what conditions?

A

Liver disease, pancreatitis, MI

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67
Q

You would check the albumin/globulin ratio for?

A

Multiple myeloma, liver disease

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68
Q

Elevated alkaline phosphatase is indicative for?

A

Bone pathology, liver damage, prostate cancer

69
Q

You would check AST/SGOT for what conditions?

A

Liver disease, MI, stroke

70
Q

Elevated BUN can indicate?

A

Renal failure, dehydration, GI bleeding, burns

71
Q

Elevated creatinine can indicate?

A

Muscle damage, renal damage, glomerulonephritis

72
Q

GGT can be elevated in what conditions?

A

Alcohol liver damage, pancreatitis

73
Q

Decreased phosphorus levels in what conditions?

A

Acromgealy, Hypervitaminosis D, kidney disease

74
Q

Elevated phosphorus levels are seen in what conditions?

A

Rickets, hyperparathyroidism, vitamin D deficiency

75
Q

Decreased potassium levels indicate?

A

Conn’s, Cushing’s, Thiamine deficiency

76
Q

Elevated potassium levels indicate?

A

Addison’s disease, dehydration

77
Q

Decreased sodium levels indicate?

A

Addison’s, water intoxication, CHF

78
Q

Elevated sodium levels indicate?

A

Conn’s, Renal failure, increased intake, dehydration

79
Q

Total serum proteins are decreased in what pathologies?

A

Nephrotic syndrome, cirrhosis

80
Q

Absent P waves indicate what abnormal heart rhythm? Seen in what condition?

A

Atrial fibrillation

Hyperparathyroidism

81
Q

ST depression is seen in what pathology?

A

Angina pectoris

82
Q

ST elevation without pathological Q waves are seen in what pathology?

A

Pericarditis

83
Q

Progressive prolongation of the PR interval is known as?

A

Wenckebach phenomenon (Mobitz type II)

84
Q

Tall tented T waves are found in?

A

Hyperkalemia

85
Q

U waves are found in what pathology?

A

Hypokalemia

86
Q

What is the order of the appearance of cardiac enzymes in a myocardial infarction?

A

Troponin I
CK-MB
SGOT
LDH

87
Q

Anti-CCP is found in?

A

RA

88
Q

Anti-ds-DNA antibodies are found in?

A

SLE, autoimmune hepatitis

89
Q

Anti-centromere antibodies are seen in?

A

Scleroderma

90
Q

Anti-Jo antibodies are seen in?

A

Polymyositis

91
Q

Anti-Sm antibodies are seen in?

A

SLE, autoimmune hepatitis

92
Q

ANA is present in what pathologies?

A

SLE, scleroderma, autoimmune disorders

93
Q

Thyroglobulin antibodies are foun in?

A

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

94
Q

Elevated TSH is seen in?

A

1o hypothyroidism or 2o hyperthyroidism

95
Q

Decreased TSH is seen in?

A

1o hyperthyroidism or 2o hypothyroidism

96
Q 
Bacterial meningitis levels of:
Glucose
Proteins
WBC
Others?
A

Decreased
Elevated
Neutrophils ++
Gram +/- cocci

97
Q 
Viral meningitis levels of:
Glucose
Proteins
WBC
Others?
A

Normal
Normal to high
Lymphocytes ++
Coxsackie virus

98
Q 
Fungal meningitis levels of:
Glucose
Proteins
WBC
Others?
A

Low
Elevated
Lymphocytes ++
Cryptococcus neoformans

99
Q 
Tuberculosis levels of:
Glucose
Proteins
WBC
Others?
A

Low
Elevated
neutrophis +
Ziehl-Neelsen + bacilli

100
Q 
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage levels of:
Glucose
Proteins
WBC
Others?
A

Normal
Elevated
Normal
RBCs +++, xanthochromia (yellow CSF)

101
Q 
Multiple Sclerosis levels of:
Glucose
Proteins
WBC
Others?
A

Normal
Elevated
Monocytes +
Oligoclonal IgG bands

102
Q 
Malignancy levels of:
Glucose
Proteins
WBC
Others?
A

Low
Elevated
Monocytes ++
Malignant cytology

103
Q

Elevated alpha-feto protein could indicate what type of cancer?

A

Intestinal

104
Q

Elevated amylase levels are seen in which conditions?

A

Pancreatitis, cholecystitis, and peptic ulcer disease

105
Q

B type Natiruretic peptide is seen in what condition?

A

CHF

106
Q

Carcot Leyden crystals/Curschmann’s spirals are seen in what lung pathology?

A

Asthma

107
Q

D-xylose testing is used to help diagnose?

A

Celiac disease

108
Q

What conditions cause a decrease to FEV1?

A

Asthma, AS, Scoliosis

109
Q

Flourescent treponemal antibody absorption test (FTAA) is used to diagnose what?

A

Syphilis

110
Q

Decreased HDL increases the risk of?

A

Ischemic heart disease

111
Q

Lactate dehydrogenase is elevated in what conditions?

A

MI, liver disease

112
Q

What are the five classes for a pap smear?

A 
Normal
Atypical/benign
Dysplasia/suspicious
Carcinoma in situ
Frank malignancy
113
Q

Paul Bunnel think?

A

Mononucleosis

114
Q

Urea breath test can find what organism?

A

H. Pylori

115
Q

VMA (vanillylmandelic acid) is used to identiy what condition?

A

Pheochromocytoma

116
Q

Impetigo, rheumatic fever, glomerulonephritis are caused by what microorganism?

A

Strep. Pyogenes

117
Q

Impetigo, osteomyelitis, scaled skin syndrome are caused by what microorganism?

A

Staph. Aureus

118
Q

Lyme Disease and Bell’s palsy are caused by what microorganism?

A

Borrelia burgdorferi

119
Q

UTI, food poisoning and hemolytic uremic syndrome are caused by what microorganism?

A

E. Coli

120
Q

Chlamydia urethritis, trachoma, and Reiters syndrome are caused by what microorganism?

A

Chlamydia Trachomatis

121
Q

pUD, atrophic gastritis, gastric carcinoma are caused by what microorganism?

A

H. Pylori

122
Q

Lobar pneumonia is caused by what microorganism?

A

Step. Pneumoniae

123
Q

Kaposi sarcoma is caused by what microorganism?

A

HHV Type 8

124
Q

Penumonia in an HIV patient is caused by what microorganism?

A

Pneumocystis jiroveci (carinii)

125
Q

Leprosy is caused by what microorganism?

A

Mycobacterium leprae

126
Q

Burkitt’s Lymphoma is caused by what microorganism?

A

HHV type 4 (Ebstein Barr virus)

127
Q

Slapped cheeck syndrome is caused by what microorganism?

A

Parvo B19 virus

128
Q

Gram + cocci in strips, B hemolytic, catalase negative describe what microorganism?

A

Strep pyogenes

129
Q

Gram + cocci in strips, alpha hemolytic, catalase negative describe what microorganism?

A

Strep pneumoniae

130
Q

Gram +, catalase +, coagulase +, cocci in clumps describe what microorganism?

A

Staph aureus

131
Q

Big loose coiled spirochete on darkfield microscopy describe what microorganism?

A

Borrelia burgforferi

132
Q

Double stranded enveloped DNA virus describe what microorganism?

A

Varicella-zoster virus

133
Q

Gram -, enteric lactose fermenting, catalase + bacillus describe what microorganism?

A

E. Coli

134
Q

Gram -, enteric lactose ferminting, urease + bacillus describe what microorganism?

A

Klebsiella pneumoniae

135
Q

Ziehl Neelen stain for Alcohol acid fast bacilli describe what microorganism?

A

Mycobacterium TB

136
Q

Tightly coiled spirochete on darkfield microscopy describe what microorganism?

A

Trepenoma pallidum

137
Q

Gram - intracellular diplococci describe what microorganism?

A

N. Gonorrhea

138
Q

Obligate intracellular, gram - bacterium describe what microorganism?

A

Chlamydia trachomatis

139
Q

Gram -, urease +, bacillus, multiple flagella describe what microorganism?

A

H. Pylori

140
Q

Motile flagellate protozoan in saline preparation describe what microorganism?

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

141
Q

Branching hyphae w/buds on KOH preparation describe what microorganism?

A

Candida albicans

142
Q

Spaghetti and meatballs appearance on KOH preparation describe what microorganism?

A

Malassezia furfur

143
Q

Single stranded icosahedral non-enveloped picoRNA virus v

A

Hepatitis A

144
Q

What is the test medium for most bacteria?

A

Blood agar

145
Q

What is the test medium for bordetella pertussis?

A

Bordet-Gengou or Regan-Lowe

146
Q

What is the test medium for Hemophilus and Neisseria?

A

Chocolate agar

147
Q

What is the test medium for Mycoplasma pneumoniae?

A

Eaton’s agar

148
Q

What is the test medium for Salmonella and shigella?

A

Hektoen enteric aar

149
Q

What is the test medium for Corynebacterium diphtheria?

A

Loeffler/Tellurite agar

150
Q

What is the test medium for Mycobacterium TB?

A

Lowenstein-Jensen

151
Q

What is the test medium for gram - lactose fermenting bacilli?

A

MacConkey agar

152
Q

What is the test medium for viruses?

A

Purified chick embryo

153
Q

What is the test medium for fungi?

A

Sabouraud

154
Q

What is the test medium for N. gonorrhea?

A

Thayer-Martin

155
Q

What is the test medium for vibrio cholera?

A

Thiosulfate Citrate Bile sucrose

156
Q

What test do you do if you suspect anthrax?

A

Ascoli

157
Q

What test do you do if you suspect Staph from Strep?

A

Catalase

158
Q

What test do you do if you suspect Staph aureus?

A

Coagulase

159
Q

What test do you do if you suspect scarlet fever?

A

Dick

160
Q

What test do you do if you suspect Diphtheria?

A

Schick

161
Q

What test do you do if you suspect back pain?

A

CBC, CMP, urinalysis, PSA< bence jones protein, urine culture and sensitivity

162
Q

If your patient has back pain and you run a CMP what pathologies are you suspecting?

A

Multiple myeloma, mets, hyperparathyroidism, Pagets

163
Q

What test do you do if you suspect fatigue?

A

CBC, CMP, urinalysis, thyroid function test, fecal occult blood, ELISA-lyme/HIV, Lyme titer, Monospot, VDRL

164
Q

If your patient has fatigue and you run a CMP what pathologies are you suspecting?

A

Renal/liver failure, DM, MM, Conn’s

165
Q

What test do you do if you suspect headache?

A

CBC, ESR, CMP, CSF

166
Q

If you have a patient with headache and an elevated ESR what pathology do you suspect?

A

Temporal arteritis

167
Q

What test do you do if you suspect joint pain or swelling of malicious nature?

A

CBC, uric acid, RF, ANA, anti-ds-DNA antibodies, Lyme-ELISA, ESR, CRP, ASOT

168
Q

What test do you do if you suspect recurrent infections of a malicious nature?

A

CBC, urinalysis, CMP, HIV-ELISA and Western Blot, Serum electrophoresis

169
Q

What test do you do if you suspect unexplained weight loss of a malicious nature?

A

CBC, ESR, CMP, Urinalysis, TFTs, Fecal occult blood, sputum cytology, HIV-ELISA, PSA

Chiro Essentials General Diagnosis (3 decks)

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