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Lab9 > Lab9a- Nervous System Histology > Flashcards

Lab9a- Nervous System Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the organs of the nervous system?

A
  • brain
  • cranial nerves
  • spinal chord
  • spinal nerves
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2
Q

What are the organs of the nervous system is composed of?

A

•nervous tissue

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3
Q

How many subdivision is there in the nervous tissue?

A

•2

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4
Q

What are the two subdivisions of the nervous system?

A
  • neurons

* neuroglial cells

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5
Q

What are neurons?

A

• the functional cells of the nervous system

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6
Q

Why are neurons called the functional cell?

A

• because they are capable of conducting electrical impulses

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7
Q

What forms she neurons bundle together?

A

• nerves

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8
Q

What are neuroglial cells?

A

• group of different types of cells that perform support function for neurons

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9
Q

What is a characteristic of neuroglial cells?

A
  • smaller than neurons

* more numerous

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10
Q

How many types of neuroglial cells is there?

A

• 6

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11
Q

What are the 6 types of neuroglial cells?

A
  1. Oligodendrocytes
  2. Microglial cells
    3 Astrocytes
  3. Ependymal cells
  4. Schwann cells
  5. Satellite cells
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12
Q

What are the 4 neuroglial cells that can only be found in the central nervous system? (CNS)

A
  1. Oligodendrocytes
  2. Microglial cells
    3 Astrocytes
  3. Ependymal cells
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13
Q

What are the 2 neuroglial cells found in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A
  1. Schwann cells

6. Satellite cells

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14
Q

What composes the central nervous system? (CNS)

A

• brain and spinal chord

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15
Q

What composes the peripheral nervous system? (CNS)

A

• cranial and spinal nerves

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16
Q

How can neurons be classified?

A
  • structural differences

* functional differences

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17
Q

What are the main components of a neuron anatomy?

A
  • cell body
  • dendrites
  • axon
  • axon terminals
  • initial segment
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18
Q

What are the types of polar a neuron can be?

A
  • multipolar
  • bipolar
  • unipolar
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19
Q

What are the characteristics of a multipolar neuron?

A
  • 2+ dendrites
  • single axon
  • most common
  • motor neurons to skeletal muscle
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20
Q

What are the characteristics of a bipolar neuron?

A
  • 2 distinct processes
  • cell body in the middle
  • not very common
  • found in special sense organ like eye
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21
Q

What are the characteristics of a unipolar neuron?

A
  • axon and dendrites are fused
  • cell body bulges out
  • most seen in PNS
  • dendrites arise from initial segment
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22
Q

What does the cell body contain?

A

• nucleus and organelles

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23
Q

What are the organelles of the cell body?

A
  • mitochondrion
  • cytoplasm
  • nucleus
  • nucleolus
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25
Q

What does the cell body do??

A
  • receives impulses from dendrites

* conducts impulse to axon

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26
Q

What is another name for the cell body?

A

•soma

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27
Q

What are dendrites?

A
  • branched processes at proximal end

* extend from cell body

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28
Q

What does dendrites form?

A

• synapses with axon

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29
Q

What does a dendrite do?

A
  • stimulated by preceding cell

* conducts impulses to cell body

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30
Q

What is the axon hillock?

A

• wonder base of axon

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31
Q

What happens at the axon hillock?

A

• axon arises from cell body

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32
Q

What is an axon?

A

• single process from cell body

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33
Q

What does the axon do?

A

• carries impulses away from cell body

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34
Q

Where does the axon end??

A

• at axon terminals

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35
Q

What is the myelin sheath?

A

• axon covering of some peripheral neurons

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36
Q

What is the myelin sheath composed of?

A

• lipoprotein molecules w/in Schwann cells

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37
Q

What is the outer layer of myelin sheath called??

A

• neurilemma

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38
Q

What is a Schwann cell?

A

• neuroglial cell from PNS

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39
Q

Where can you find a Schwann cell?

A

• wrapping around axon like a jelly roll

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40
Q

What does the Schwann cell produce?

A

• myelin sheath

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41
Q

What is the node of Ranvier?

A

• gap in myelin sheath

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42
Q

What happens at the anode of Ranvier?

A

• nerve impulse moves down axon from node to node

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43
Q

What are the axon terminals?

A

• branched distal end of axon

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44
Q

What does the axon terminals form?

A

• synapses with dendrites

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45
Q

What does the axon terminals store?

A

• neurotransmitter

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46
Q

What are the 2 important roles of the spinal chord?

A
  1. Convey sensory information

2. Initiates motor command

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47
Q

How many spinal nerve pairings is there?

A

• 31

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48
Q

To what is continuous the spinal chord??

A

• medulla oblongata

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49
Q

Where on the skull does the spinal cord exit?

A

• foramen magnum

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50
Q

What does the spinal cord descend through?

A

• spinal cavity

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51
Q

How is the spinal cavity formed?

A

• through the vertebral canals

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52
Q

What is fused to the surface of the spinal cord?

A

• pia mater

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53
Q

What is the conus medullaris?

A

• cone shaped end to the spinal cord

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54
Q

Where is the conus medullaris located in an adult?

A

• around L1 or L2 vertebrae

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55
Q

What fills the spinal cavity from the point of conus medullaris and on?

A

• only nerves

56
Q

What does cauda equina mean?

A

• horse tail

57
Q

What is the cauda equina?

A

• collection of spinal nerves extending from conus medullaris

58
Q

What does the film terminals serve for?

A

• anchors

59
Q

How many pairs compose the cervical nerves?

A

•8

60
Q

Through what does the cervical nerves run?

A

• C1- C8

61
Q

Where does the cervical nerves exit?

A

• between cervical vertebrae

62
Q

How many pairs for the thoracic nerves?

A

• 12

63
Q

Through what does the thoracic nerves run?

A

• T1-T2

64
Q

Where does the thoracic nerve exit?

A

• between thoracic vertebrae

65
Q

How many pairs compose the lumbar nerves?

A

• 5

66
Q

Through where does the lumbar nerves run??

A

• L1-L5

67
Q

Where does the lumbar nerve exit at?

A

• through sacral foramina

68
Q

How many nerve pairs compose Coccygeal nerves ?

A

• 1

69
Q

Through where does the coccygeal nerves run?

A

• Co1

70
Q

Where does the coccygeal nerve exit?

A

• below sacrum

71
Q

What does gray matter consists of?

A
  • cell bodies of neurons
  • unmyelinated axons
  • neuroglia
72
Q

How is gray matter arranged?

A

• regions called horns

73
Q

What does each horn in gray matter contain?

A

• nucleus

74
Q

What is the nucleus in gray matter?

A

• collection of cell bodies located w/in the CNS

75
Q

What does the sensory nuclei do?

A

• receives incoming sensory information

76
Q

What does the motor nuclei do?

A

• sends motor command

77
Q

What is the collection of cells bodies located OUTSIDE the CNS called?

A

• ganglion

78
Q

What is a nerve?

A

• bundle of axons traveling together outside the CNS

79
Q

What is the nerve root?

A

• point at which the nerve connects with the spinal chord

80
Q

Central canal

A
  • runs length of spinal cord

* contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

81
Q

Dorsal gray horn

A
  • posterior gray horn

* location of sensory nuclei

82
Q

Lateral gray horn

A
  • only in thoracic and lumbar regions

* location of motor nuclei to internal organs

83
Q

Central gray horn

A
  • anterior gray horn

* motor nuclei to skeletal muscles

84
Q

Gray commissure

A

• connection between 2 sides of spinal cord

85
Q

Central root

A
  • contains axons or motor neurons

* carries motor commands

86
Q

Dorsal root ganglion

A

• contains cells bodies

87
Q

Dorsal root

A
  • contains axons or sensory neurons

* carries sensory information

88
Q

Spinal nerve

A

• contains sensory and motor neurons

89
Q

What is white matter primarily composed of?

A

• myelinated axons

90
Q

How is the white matter arranged?

A
  • columns

* funiculi

91
Q

What does each column carrie?

A

• nerve tracts

92
Q

What is a tract?

A

• bundle of myelinated axons

93
Q

Where are these tracts located??

A

• totally inside the CNS

94
Q

To where does ascending tracts carry information?

A

• brain

95
Q

To where does descending tracts carry information??

A

• spinal nerves

96
Q

Dorsal white column

A

• carries ascending sensory tracts

97
Q

Ventral white column

A

• carries ascending and descending sensory motors

98
Q

Front line

A

• anterior median fissure

99
Q

Back line

A

• Posterior median sulcus

100
Q

Central white commissure

A
  • connects central white columns

* middle center

101
Q

Lateral white column

A

• carries ascending sensory tracts and defending motor tracts

102
Q

What is a plexus?

A

• groups of adjacent nerves

103
Q

How many plexus are there?

A

• 4

104
Q

What are the 4 plexus?

A
  1. Cervical
  2. Brachial
  3. Lumbar
  4. Sacral
105
Q

What is the major nerve of the cervical plexus?

A

• phrenic

106
Q

What does phrenic innervate?

A

• muscle- diaphragm

107
Q

What are the 5 nerves of the brachial plexus??

A
  1. Axillary
  2. Musculocutaneous
  3. Median
  4. Ulnar
  5. Radial
108
Q

What does the nerves in brachial plexus intervene?

A

• skin and muscle

109
Q

Where does the axillary innervate skin?

A

Shoulder

110
Q

Where does the axillary innervate muscle?

A

• deltoid muscle

111
Q

Where does the musculucutaneous innervate skin?

A

• Lateral foreman

112
Q

Where does the musculucutaneous innervate muscle?

A

• flexor muscle of arm

113
Q

Where does the median innervate skin?

A

• anterolateral hand

114
Q

Where does the median innervate muscle?

A

• flexor muscles of forearm and finger flexor

115
Q

Where does the ulnar innervate skin?

A

• medial hand

116
Q

Where does the ulnar innervate muscle?

A

Wrist and many hand muscles

117
Q

Where does the radial innervate skin?

A

• posterolateral arm

118
Q

Where does the radial innervate muscle?

A

• Triceps brachii and extensor muscles of forearm and wrist

119
Q

What are the 3 nerves of the lumbar plexus?

A
  1. Lateral femoral cutaneous
  2. Femoral
  3. Obturator
  4. Saphenous
120
Q

Where does the lateral femoral cutaneous innervate skin?

A

• anterior, lateral, posterior thigh

121
Q

Where does the lateral femoral cutaneous innervate muscle?

A

• does not

122
Q

Where does the femoral innervate skin?

A
  • anteriomedial thigh

* medial leg and foot

123
Q

Where does the femoral innervate muscle?

A

• anterior thigh muscles

124
Q

Where does the obturator innervate skin?

A

• medial thigh

125
Q

Where does the femoral innervate skin?

A

• adductor muscle of thigh

126
Q

Where does the saphenous innervate skin?

A

• medial leg

127
Q

Where does the femoral innervate muscles?

A

• does not

128
Q

What are the 3 nerves of the sacral plexus?

A
  1. Sciatic
  2. Tibial
  3. Common fibular
129
Q

Where does the sciatic innervate skin?

A

• does not

130
Q

Where does the sciatic innervate muscle?

A

• posterior thigh muscle

131
Q

Where does the tibial innervate skin?

A

• posterior leg and sole of foot

132
Q

Where does the tibial innervate muscle?

A

• knee and ankle plantar flexors

133
Q

Where does the common fibular innervate skin?

A

• anterior leg and Dorsum of foot

134
Q

Where does the common fibular innervate muscle?

A

• does not

Lab9 (1 decks)

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