Lab values and abnormalities

Question 1

Sodium

Answer 1

135 - 145 mEq/L

Question 2

Potassium

Answer 2

3.5 - 5.0 mEq/L

Question 3

Chloride

Answer 3

98 - 106 mEq/L

Question 4

Magnesium

Answer 4

1.3 - 2.1 mEq/L

Question 5

Hyperkalemia presence

Answer 5

Dehydration
Renal Failure
Acidosis
Cellular/Tissue Damage
Hemolysis of specimen

Question 6

Hypokalemia presence

Answer 6

NPO status when K+ replacement is inadequate
Excessive use of non-potassium-sparing diuretics
Vomiting
Malnutrition
Diarrhea
Alkalosis

Question 7

Hypernatremia

Answer 7

Cardiac or renal failure
Hypertension
Excessive IV fluids with normal saline
Edema
Dehydration

Question 8

Hyponatremia

Answer 8

NG drainage
Vomiting or diarrhea
Excessive use of laxatives or diuretics
Excessive amounts of IV fluids with water
SIADH

Question 9

Increased Chloride

Answer 9

Resp alkalosis
Dehydration
Renal failure
Excessive amts of IV fluids with NaCl

Question 10

Decreased Chloride

Answer 10

Excessive NG drainage
Vomiting
Excessive use of diuretics
Diarrhea

Question 11

CO2

Answer 11

0-60yrs 23 - 30 mEq/L

60-90 23 - 31 mEq/L

Question 12

Increased CO2

Answer 12

COPD
Intestinal obstruction
Vomiting or NG suction
Metabolic alkalosis

Question 13

Decreased CO2

Answer 13

Hyperventilation
DKA
Diarrhea
Lactic acidosis
Renal failure
Salicylate toxicity

Question 14

Glucose

Answer 14

70 - 110 mg/dL

Question 15

Hyperglycemia

Answer 15

Hyperglycemia
Excessive amounts of IV fluids with glucose
Stress
Steroid use
Pancreatic or hepatic disease

Question 16

Hypoglycemia

Answer 16

Hypoglycemia

Excess of insulin

Question 17

Creatinine

Answer 17

Females: 0.5 - 1.1 mg/dL
Males: 0.6 - 1.2 mg/dL

Question 18

Hypercreatinine

Answer 18

Renal damage with destruction of large number of nephrons
Renal insufficency
ARF
Chronic kidney disease
ESKD

Question 19

Hypocreatinine

Answer 19

Atrophy of muscle tissue

Question 20

Blood Urea Nitrogen

Answer 20

10 - 20 mg/dL

Question 21

Increased BUN

Answer 21

Dehydration
Renal failure
Excessive protein in diet
Liver failure

Question 22

Decreased BUN

Answer 22

Overhydration

Malnutrition

Question 23

Prothrombin Time PT

Answer 23

11 - 12.5 sec
OR
85% - 100%

Question 24

PT increased in

Answer 24

Coagulation defecit

Vitamin K deficiency

Question 25

PT decreased in

Answer 25

Coagulation disorder such as thrombophlebitis or pulmonary embolus

Question 26

INR

Internationalized Normalized Ratio

Answer 26

0.7 - 1.8

Question 27

Increased INR

Answer 27

Anticoagulant therapy (aspirin, warfarin)

Question 28

Decreased INR

Answer 28

Extensive cancer

Question 29

aPTT

Partial thromboplastin time, activated

Answer 29

30 - 40 seconds

Question 30

Increased aPTT

Answer 30

Coagulation defecit
Anticoagulant therapy (heparin)
Liver disease

Question 31

Decreased aPTT

Answer 31

Coagulation disorder such as thrombophlebitis or pulmonary embolus
Extensive cancer

Question 32

WBC or leukocyte count

Answer 32

5,000 - 10,000/mm3

Question 33

Increased WBC

Answer 33

Infection
Inflammation
Stress
Tissue necrosis

Question 34

Decreased WBC

Answer 34

Immune disorder

Immunosuppressant therapy

Question 35

Female hemoglobin

Answer 35

18-44 yr: 12-16 g/dL
45-64yr: 11.7 - 16.0 g/dL
65-74yr: 11.7 - 16.1 g/dL

Question 36

Male Hemoglobin

Answer 36

18-44yr: 14 - 18 g/dL
45-64yr: 13.1-17.2 g/dL
65-74yr: 12.6-17.4 g/d:

Question 37

Female hematocrit

Answer 37

18-44yr: 35%-45%

45-74yr: 37%-47%

Question 38

Male hematocrit

Answer 38

18-44yr: 42%-52%
45-64yr: 39%-50%
65-74yr: 37%-51%

Question 39

Increased hemoglobin

Answer 39

Dehydration
Polycythemia
Chronic pulmonary disease
CHF

Question 40

Decreased hemoglobin

Answer 40

Blood loss
Anemia
Renal failure

Question 41

Increased hematocrit

Answer 41

Dehydration
Polycythemia
High altitude

Question 42

Decreased hematocrit

Answer 42

Blood loss
Anemia
Kidney failure