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Module 2 (Skills) > Lab Values > Flashcards

Lab Values Flashcards

1
Q

Lab Values are used for

A

screening
diagnosis
monitoring

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2
Q

Factors affecting lab values

A

age, gender, race, pregnancy, food ingestion

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3
Q

Females and pediatric lab values are typically

A

less than normal

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4
Q

CBCs are typically ordered for

A

bleeding
infection
fluid status
anemia/weakness

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5
Q

CBC measures

A

RBC
Hgb
Hct
Platelet
WBC
MCV
MCH
MCHC
RDW

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6
Q

RBC

A

of red cells per mL/blood / 1mm3 of blood
- carry O2
- contains Hgb molecules

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7
Q

Hgb (Hemoglobin)

A

O2 carrying protein

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8
Q

Hct (Hemocrit)

A

packed volume of RBCs, % of total volume

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9
Q

MCV

A

Cell size (normocytic, macro and micro)

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10
Q

MCH

A

amount of hemoglobin per cell

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11
Q

MCHC

A

Hgb/Hct per 100 mL/RBCs

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12
Q

RDW

A

red cell distribution width

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13
Q

Platelet

A

of platelets per mL/blood

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14
Q

WBC

A

of white cells per mL/blood

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15
Q

RBC Normal values

A

3.89-5.40 M/uL

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16
Q

RBC indices
MCV
RDW
MCH
MCHC
not discussed

A

MCV: 80-95 fL
RDW: 11-14.5%
MCH: 27-31 pg
MCHC: 32-36 g/dL

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17
Q

High RBC > 5.4 M/uL

A

CHD
severe COPD
polycythemia vera (blood cancer)
severe dehydration

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18
Q

When RBC decreases more than 10% of the normal range what does the pt have?

A

anemia

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19
Q

Low RBC < 3.89

A

anemia
hemolytic anemia
hemorrhage
renal disease
normal pregnancy
bone marrow failure
rheumatoid arthritis, lymphoma, leukemia, Hodgkin disease, hemoglobinopathy, cirrhosis, dietary deficiency, bone marrow failure, prosthetic valves,

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20
Q

Hgb Normal Values

A

12-16 g/dL
- measurement of the total amount in blood
- connected to O2

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21
Q

High Hgb >16

A

erythrocytosis,
CHD
severe COPD,
polycythemia vera
severe dehydration

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22
Q

Low Hgb < 12

A

anemia
hemolytic anemia
hemorrhage, dietary deficiency, bone marrow failure
renal disease
normal pregnancy
prosthetic valves, rheumatoid arthritis, lymphoma, leukemia, Hodgkin disease, hemoglobinopathy, cirrhosis,
- low O2 to body tissues

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23
Q

How many hemoglobins are on every RBC?

A

4

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24
Q

Hct Normal Values

A

37-47 %
-indirect measurement of RBC number and volumes
-routine tests and anemia eval

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25
Q

Hct Critical Values**

A

<15%
>60%

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26
Q

High Hct >47%

A

erythrocytosis, congenital heart disease, severe COPD, polycythemia vera, severe dehydration

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27
Q

Low Hct <37%

A

anemia, hemoglobinopathy, cirrhosis, hemolytic anemia, hemorrhage, dietary deficiency, bone marrow failure, prosthetic valves, renal disease, normal pregnancy, rheumatoid arthritis, lymphoma, leukemia, Hodgkin disease

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28
Q

What are the three causes of anemia

A

= Impaired RBC production
= Blood loss
= RBC destruction
= Combination of all 3

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29
Q

What are 3 values important for diagnosing anemia?

A

Hct, Hgb, RBC

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30
Q

Anemia

A

Greater than 10% loss
Decrease in the number of RBCs (erythrocytes)

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31
Q

Platelet average count

A

150,000
- per mL of blood
- formed in bone marrow and to clot

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32
Q

High thrombocytosis >150,000

A

malignant disorders, polycythemia vera, post-splenectomy syndromes, rheumatoid arthritis, iron deficiency anemia

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33
Q

> 1 million of platelets

A

risk of clotting unnecessarily

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34
Q

> 600,000 of platelets

A

potential for problems

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35
Q

Where are thrombocytes formed?

A

bone marrow

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36
Q

What level of platelet count do you not give enoxaparin?

A

80,000
- pt education: fall risk, avoid cuts

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37
Q

Low (thrombocytopenia) < 150,000

A

hypersplenism, hemorrhage immune thrombocytopenia, leukemia, thrombotic thrombocytopenia, Graves disease, inherited disorders, DIC,
pernicious anemia, hemolytic anemia, cancer, chemotherapy, infection

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38
Q

< 50,000 of platelets

A

significant bleeding

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39
Q

WBC normal values

A

3.6-10.8 K/uL
-Measurement of total WBC count
-Part of routine testing on CBC
-White cell differential count if abnormal
~percentage of each type of leukocyte present in the specimen

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40
Q

High WBC >10.8

A

(leukocytosis): infection, inflammation, tissue necrosis, sepsis, Leukemic neoplasia, trauma, stress, dehydration, thyroid storm

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41
Q

Low WBC <3.6

A

(leukopenia): bone marrow failure, chemo radiation therapy, overwhelming infections, autoimmune disease

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42
Q

What lab value is used as an evaluation for suspected anemic pts?

A

hemoglobin

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43
Q

Leukocytosis

A

abnormally high number of leukocytes
WBC > 10,000 cells/mL3

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44
Q

Lymphocytosis

A

form of actual or relative leukocytosis due to increase in numbers of lymphocytes

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45
Q

Left shift

A

increase of immature neutrophils (bands/stabs) found in the blood
-normal differential values show where

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46
Q

BMP measures

A

Kidney function
Blood glucose
Acid/base balance
Electrolyte imbalance

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47
Q

BMP includes

A

Blood urea nitrogen
Creatinine
Glucose
Carbon dioxide content
Calcium
Chloride
Potassium
Sodium

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48
Q

CMP

A

BMP plus
Blood proteins
Liver function

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49
Q

CMP includes

A

Albumin
Total protein
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
Bilirubin
+ BMP

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50
Q

Glucose normal value

A

70-110 mg
Direct measurement of fasting blood glucose level
AKA blood sugar
-depend on when they last ate
- don’t always give insulin right away

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51
Q

High glucose >110

A

(hyperglycemia): Diabetes mellitus, acute stress response, Cushing syndrome, chronic renal failure, glucagonoma, acute pancreatitis, diuretic therapy, corticosteroid therapy, acromegaly
- recently ate a cheeseburger or ice cream

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52
Q

Low glucose <70

A

(hypoglycemia): insulinoma, hypothyroidism, hypopituitarism, Addison disease, extensive liver disease, insulin overdose, starvation
- have not eaten in a while

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53
Q

Glycosylated Hemoglobin A1c normal (nondiabetic)*

A

4-5.9%
monitor diabetes and the treatment of diabetes
average blood glucose level of the last 3 months
not dependent on last meal

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54
Q

Glycosylated Hemoglobin A1c
GOOD CONTROL*

A

<7%

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55
Q

Glycosylated Hemoglobin A1c
FAIR DIABETIC CONTROL*

A

8-9%

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56
Q

Glycosylated Hemoglobin A1c
POOR DIABETIC CONTROL*

A

> 9%

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57
Q

What electrolyte is important to cardiac function?

A

potassium

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58
Q

What electrolyte usually follows sodium in the body and utilizes passive transport?

A

chloride

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59
Q

What electrolyte plays a major role in acid/base balance and evaluating pH status and electrolytes?

A

Bicarbonate

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60
Q

What organ regulates bicarbonate?

A

kidneys

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61
Q

What value is used to monitor parathyroid function?

A

calcium

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62
Q

What value assists in the interpretation of parathyroid and calcium abnormalities?

A

phosphorus

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63
Q

What organ regulates electrolytes?

A

kidneys

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64
Q

What electrolyte is important in calcium metabolism and is closely tied to calcium levels?
Where is it regulated?

A

Magnesium
- Intracellularly and in bone

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65
Q

What is total protein a combination of?

A

pre-albumin
albumin
globulins

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66
Q

When is bilirubin produced?

A

hemoglobin breakdown

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67
Q

Sodium normal

A

135-145
Major cation in the extracellular space
Balance between dietary sodium intake and renal excretion (maintain homeostasis)

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68
Q

High sodium > 145

A

(hypernatremia): increased dietary intake, excessive sodium in IV fluids

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69
Q

Low sodium <135

A

(hyponatremia): deficient dietary intake, deficient sodium in IV fluids, increased free water in the body

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70
Q

Potassium normal

A

3.5-5.1
-important cardiac function
- major cation within the cell

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71
Q

High potassium >5.1

A

(hyperkalemia): excessive dietary or IV intake, acute or chronic renal failure, Addison disease, hypoaldosteronism, aldosterone inhibiting diuretics, crush injury to tissues, hemolysis, transfusion of hemolyzed blood, infection, acidosis, dehydration

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72
Q

Low potassium <3.5

A

(hypokalemia): deficient dietary or IV intake, burns, GI disorders, diuretics, hyperaldosteronism, Cushing syndrome, renal tubular acidosis, licorice ingestion, insulin administration, glucose administration, ascites, renal artery stenosis, cystic fibrosis, trauma, surgery, burns

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73
Q

Chloride normal

A

98-109
Major extracellular anion
Transport is **passive and usually follows sodium

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74
Q

High Chloride >109

A

(hyperchloremia): dehydration, excessive infusion of NS, metabolic acidosis, renal tubular acidosis, Cushing syndrome, kidney dysfunction, hyperparathyroidism, eclampsia, respiratory alkalosis

75
Q

Low Chloride <98

A

(hypochloremia): over hydration, Syndrome of Inappropriate Secretion of Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH), CHF, vomiting, chronic respiratory acidosis, salt losing nephritis, Addison disease, diuretic therapy, hypokalemia, aldosteronism, burns

76
Q

Bicarbonate normal

A

20-30
Major role in acid/base balance
stored in gut
Regulated by kidneys
Used to evaluate pH status and electrolytes

77
Q

High Bicarbonate >30

A

severe vomiting, high volume gastric suction, Aldosteronism, mercurial diuretic, COPD, metabolic alkalosis

78
Q

Low Bicarbonate < 20

A

chronic diarrhea, chronic loop diuretic use, renal failure, diabetic ketoacidosis, starvation, metabolic acidosis, shock

79
Q

Critical Value of Bicarbonate*****

A

<6

80
Q

Calcium normal

A

7.6-10.4
Used to evaluate parathyroid function and calcium metabolism
Used to monitor patients with renal failure, renal transplantation, hyperparathyroidism, and various malignancies, monitor calcium levels during and after large volume blood transfurions

81
Q

High Calcium >10.4
*not discussed

A

(hypercalcemia): Hyperparathyroidism, metastatic tumor to the bone, Paget disease of the bone, prolonged immobilization, Mil-alkali syndrome, vitamin D intoxication, lymphoma, Addison disease, acromegaly, hyperthyroidism

82
Q

Low Calcium <7.6
*not discussed

A

(hypocalcemia): hypoparathyroidism, renal failure, rickets, vitamin D deficiency, osteomalacia hypoalbuminemia, malabsorption, pancreatitis, fat embolism, alkalosis

83
Q

Phosphorus normal*

A

3-4.5
Assists in the interpretation of parathyroid and calcium abnormalities

84
Q

High Phosphorus >4.5
*not discussed

A

(hyperphosphatemia): hypoparathyroidism, renal failure, increased dietary intake
acromegaly, bone metastasis, acidosis, rhabdomyolysis, advanced lymphoma, hemolytic anemia

85
Q

Low Phosphorus <3
*not discussed

A

(hypophosphatemia): inadequate dietary intake hyperparathyroidism, hypercalcemia, chronic alcoholism,
vitamin D deficiency
treatment of hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinism, malnutrition, alkalosis, gram negative sepsis

86
Q

Magnesium normal

A

1.3-2.1
Found intracellularly; around half of it in the bone
Important in calcium metabolism and closely tied to calcium levels
Monitor EKG

87
Q

High Magnesium >2.1
*not discussed

A

renal insufficiency, Addison disease, ingestion of magnesium containing antacids or salts, hypothyroidism

88
Q

Low Magnesium <1.3
*not discussed

A

malnutrition, malabsorption, hypoparathyroidism, alcoholism, chronic renal tubular disease, diabetic acidosis

89
Q

Total Protein normal

A

6.4-8.3

90
Q

Total Protein

A

Combination of pre-albumin, albumin and globulins
Diagnose, evaluate and monitor disease course for:
Cancer
Intestinal/renal protein-wasting states
Immune disorders
Liver dysfunction
Impaired nutrition
Chronic edematous states

91
Q

Hepatic Function Tests

A

** Most found in CMP**
Albumin 3.5-5.0 mg/dL
AST 0-35 U/L
Alk Phos 30-120 U/L
ALT 4-36 U/L
Bili total 0.3-1.0 mg/dL
Direct Bili 0.1-0.3 mg/dL
Ammonia 10-80 mcg/dL

92
Q

Albumin normal protein shakes

A

3.5-5
A protein formed and synthesized within the liver/nutrition
Comprises 60% of total protein in the blood
Regulates osmotic pressure
Transports blood, hormones, enzymes, and drugs
Hepatic function and nutritional state

93
Q

High Albumin >5

A

dehydration

94
Q

Low Albumin <3.5

A

malnutrition, pregnancy, liver disease, protein-losing enteropathies, protein-losing nephropathies, third-space losses, over hydration, increased capillary permeability, inflammatory disease, familial idiopathic dysproteinemia

95
Q

Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) normal

A

30-120
-detect and monitor diseases of liver and bone

96
Q

HIgh Alkaline Phosphatase >120

A

primary cirrhosis, intrahepatic/extrahepatic biliary obstruction, primary or metastatic liver tumor, metastatic tumor to the bone, healing fracture, osteomalacia, Paget disease, rheumatoid arthritis, rickets, intestinal ischemia or infarction, myocardial infarction, sarcoidosis

97
Q

Low ALP <30

A

hypophosphatemia, hypophosphatasia, malnutrition milk-alkali syndrome, pernicious anemia, scurvy (vitamin C deficiency)

98
Q

Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT normal)

A

4-36
Predominantly found in the liver
Injury or disease affecting the liver parenchyma causes the release of ALT into the bloodstream
Used to identify and monitor hepatocellular disease of the liver

99
Q

Very high ALT**

A

hepatitis, hepatic necrosis, hepatic ischemia

100
Q

Moderately high ALT

A

cirrhosis
cholestasis, hepatic tumor, hepatotoxic drugs, obstructive jaundice severe burns, trauma to striated muscle

101
Q

Mildly high ALT

A

myositis, pancreatitis myocardial infarction, infectious mononucleosis, shock

102
Q

Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) NORMAL

A

0-35 u/L
Found in very high concentrations within highly metabolic tissues (liver muscle cells, heart muscle cells, skeletal muscle cells)
Disease/injury of one these tissue causes dying (?) of cells and release into bloodstream
Elevation prportional to number of cells injured
Used for evaluation of patients with suspected hepatocellular diseases

103
Q

High AST >35

A

liver disease, skeletal muscle trauma

104
Q

Low AST <0

A

acute renal disease, beriberi, diabetic ketoacidosis, chronic renal dialysis

105
Q

Bilirubin normal

A

0.3-1.0 mg/dL

106
Q

Bilirubin
Functions with what organ
What does it show in babies?

A

Evaluate liver function
-Included in eval of adults with hemolytic anemia
-Eval of newborns with jaundice
End product of RBC metabolism
Component of bile
Consists of conjugated (direct) and unconjugated (indirect) bilirubin

107
Q

Jaundice Bilirubin level

A

> 2.5

108
Q

Unconjugated Bilirubin

A

0.02-0.08
- level of indirect bilirubin in blood

109
Q

High Bilirubin >0.08
*not discussed

A

erythroblastosis fetalis, transfusion reaction, sickle cell anemia, hemolytic jaundice, hemolytic anemia, pernicious anemia, large volume blood transfusion, large hematoma resolution, hepatitis, cirrhosis, sepsis, neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, Crigler-Najjar syndrome, Gilbert syndrome

110
Q

Conjugated Bilirubin normal

A

0.1-0.3
- level of direct bilirubin

111
Q

High Conjugated Bilirubin >0.3

A

gallstone, extra-hepatic duct obstruction
extensive liver mets, cholestasis from drugs, Dubin-Johnson syndrome, Rotor syndrome

112
Q

Kidney Function lab values

A

BUN
Creatinine
GFR

113
Q

BUN organs

A

Liver produces blood -
kidney - excretion

114
Q

Best measure of muscle breakdown

A

Creatinine
CrCl: amount of blood cleared of Cr in one minute

115
Q

GFR (Glomerular filtration rate)

A

Not definitive
Not accurate for obese Pts, amputees, or supplement users

116
Q

Blood Urea nitrogen (BUN) normal

A

10-20
Kidney and liver function
End product of protein metabolism (produced in the liver)
Indirect and rough measurement of renal function and glomerular filtration rate

117
Q

High BUN >20
Pre-renal (liver)

A

: hypovolemia, shock, burns, dehydration, CHF, MI, GI bleed, excessive protein ingestion, starvation, sepsis

118
Q

High BUN >20
renal (kidney)

A

glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, acute tubular necrosis, renal failure, nephrotoxic drugs

119
Q

High BUN >20
post-renal (bladder-related)

A

ureteral obstruction from stones, tumor, bladder or urethral congenital anomalies, bladder outlet obstruction for BPH, cancer

120
Q

Low BUN <10

A

: liver failure over hydration, negative nitrogen balance, pregnancy, nephrotic syndrome

121
Q

Creatinine normal

A

0.5-1.1
Excreted entirely by kidneys = Direct measure of renal function

122
Q

The best lab to figure out kidney function is

A

Creatinine

123
Q

Creatinine critical value****

A

> 4

124
Q

High Creatinine >1.1

A

diseases affecting renal function, CHF, dehydration, rhabdomyolysis, diabetic nephropathy, acromegaly, gigantism

125
Q

Low Creatinine <0.5

A

debilitation decreased muscle mass

126
Q

Pancreas purpose

A

insulin production

127
Q

Amylase normal

A

<130
Pancreatic test helpful in evaluation of abdominal pain

128
Q

High Amylase

A

many abdominal diagnoses (pancreatic/kidney), DKA, various cancers, salivary gland inflammation

129
Q

Low Amylase

A

hepatic necrosis, advanced chronic pancreatitis

130
Q

Lipase normal

A

<160

131
Q

Lipase

A

Enzyme secreted by pancreas into small intestines
Helps break down triglycerides into fatty acids
Highly specific for pancreatic diseases

132
Q

High Lipase

A

acute pancreatitis, early pancreatic cancer, perforated ulcer

133
Q

Low Lipase

A

acute severe pancreatitis

134
Q

Urinalysis Normal Values

A

clear amber yellow
aromatic
pH 4.6-8
Protein: 0-8 mg/dL
Specific gravity: 1.005-1.030
negative for others
Urobilinogen: 0.01-1 Ehrlich unit/mL
White Blood Cells: 0-4 / low-power field
Red Blood Cells (RBCs): <2

135
Q

Urinalysis Color is affected by

A

Hydration
ETOH
Diuretics
Nephritis
Blood
Drugs
Foods

136
Q

Urinalysis Appearance

A

Clear
Clouds
Red

137
Q

Urinalysis Glucose

A

Don’t want in urine(blood sugar is high)
Hyperglycemia
Renal Tubule Dz
Cushings Dz
Stress
Heavy meals

138
Q

Urinalysis Ketones

A

Don’t want in urine
Diabetes
Starvation or fasting
Vomiting
Acute illness
ETOH
Low carb intake

139
Q

Urinalysis Bilirubin

A

Don’t want in urine
Hepatitis
Liver Dz
Biliary obstruction

140
Q

Urinalysis Blood

A

Don’t want in urine
Hemaglobinuria
Myoglobinuria
Hematuria
Kidney stones

141
Q

Urinalysis Specific Gravity

A

Hydration status
Radopaque dye
Renal disease

142
Q

Urinalysis pH

A

Acidic
Alkalotic

143
Q

Urinalysis Protein

A

Don’t want in urine
Kidney Dz
Hypertension
Chronic UTIs
Fever/infection
Trauma
Pre-eclampsia (pregnancy)
Diabetes
Poisonings
Leukemia

144
Q

Urinalysis Urobilinogen

A

RBC destruction
Liver damage
Biliary obstruction

145
Q

Urinalysis Bacteria

A

Don’t want (UTI)

146
Q

Urinalysis Nitrates

A

Don’t want (Bacteria)

147
Q

Urinalysis Leukocytes (WBC)

A

Don’t want
Bacterial infection
Renal Dz
Fever
Exercise
Appendicitis
Bladder tumors

148
Q

24 Hour Urine

A

Start time- discard 1st voiding
End time- Pt voids again to empty bladder
Refrigeration or on ice

149
Q

24 Hour Urine Sources of error

A

Contaminants in urine
Failure to collect all urine during a time period
Including 1st voided urine
Improper storage/preservation of specimen

150
Q

How long is urine viable at room temperature?

A

1 hour

151
Q

Urinary Protein 24 hour

A

Monitor kidney function
Normally not present in normal kidney due to size barrier in glomerulus
Dipstick method to 24 hour urine
Presence of proteinuria can indicate nephrotic syndrome, multiple myeloma, complications of DM, glomerulonephritis, amyloidosis, pre-eclampsia

152
Q

Clotting Factors
ASSESS HEPARIN THERAPY
Test and Lab

A

ASSESS HEPARIN THERAPY
PTT (Partial thromboplastin time)
30-45 secs

153
Q

Critical Values of PT

A

> 20 seconds

154
Q

Critical Values of INR

A

> 5.5 secs

155
Q

Clotting Factors
ASSESS NORMAL BLEEDING & COUMADIN THERAPY
Tests and Labs

A

PT (Protime)
11.0-13.0 seconds
Critical value: > 20 seconds
INR (International Normalized Ratio)
0.8-1.5 secs (without Coumadin)
Critical value: > 5.5 seconds

156
Q

What do you use to ensure toxic and ineffective drugs are not used?
When should you get blood to figure out?

A

Peak and Trough
Peak: 1 1/2 hours after IVP infusion complete
Trough: 30 min prior to dose

157
Q

Culture and Sensitivity (C&S)

A

Urine, blood, wound drainage, tissues, and devices
Obtain specimen PRIOR to antibiotic therapy
Preliminary report: 24 hrs
Final report: 72 hrs
Culture for fungus may take up to 6 weeks
Culture may be performed after therapy completion to assess further treatment needs

158
Q

Blood Cultures

A

Always collected first
Site prep and aseptic technique is crucial
Obtain 2 separate BC from 2 different sites
Venipuncture preferred over central line sites
Aerobic or anaerobic vial doesn’t matter

159
Q

Stool Testing Types

A

Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT) - screening + colon cancer
C – diff
Culture & Sensitivity

160
Q

Bedside Glucose

A

-performed anywhere
-gives an instant reading of the pt”s current blood sugar
-sliding scale insulin is ordered for admitted diabetic pt
-SSI sometimes used at home for DM

161
Q

What is ammonia affected by?

A

acid base balance

162
Q

How many hemoglobins are on every RBC?

A

4

163
Q

What is albumin?

A

plasma protein that is formed and synthesized in the liver

164
Q

What
comprises 60% of total protein in the blood?
regulates osmotic pressure?

A

albumin

165
Q

What is the function of albumin?

A

transport blood, hormones, enzymes, and drugs

166
Q

What lab value detects and monitors diseases of the liver and the bones?

A

alkaline phosphatase (ALP)

167
Q

Where is ALT found? Causes of release?

A

liver
injury or disease to liver parenchyma

168
Q

What lab value is used to identify and monitor hepatocellular disease of the liver?

A

ALT

169
Q

Where is AST found?

A

highly metabolic tissues (LIVER, PANCREAS)

170
Q

What is elevation of AST related to?

A

number of cells injured (suspected hepatocellular diseases)

171
Q

What is bilirubin used to evaluate?

A

liver function
- included in the evaluation of adults with hemolytic anemia

172
Q

What is an indirect and rough measurement of renal function and glomerular filtration rate?

A

BUN

173
Q

What 2 values indicate kidney function?

A

BUN and creatinine

174
Q

What are the two lab indicators of pancreas function?

A

amylase and lipase

175
Q

What pancreatic test is helpful in the evaluation of abdominal pain and diabetes?

A

amylase

176
Q

What lab should you do if a pt has a change in LOC?

A

CMP

177
Q

What should you think when you see leukocytes?

A

infection, inflammation or immune issues

178
Q

What does total protein give you a good picture of?

A

cancer, intestinal or renal issues, immune disorders, liver dysfunction, impaired nutrition, or edema

179
Q

Which lab value is high when you have kidney issues?

A

BUN

180
Q

What is protein in the urine associated with?

A

kidney, diabetes, preeclampsia, chronic UTI

181
Q

PT critical value

A

20 seconds to clot

182
Q

INR critical value

A

greater than 5.5

183
Q

ALP is associated with

A

Liver and bone

Module 2 (Skills) (12 decks)

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