Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

OLOL NIHSS stroke > Lab values 12/18 > Flashcards

Lab values 12/18 Flashcards

learn all the lab values

1
Q

what are the normal ranges for a complete blood count?

A

Male: 4.5-5.5 x 1012/L
Female: 4.0-5.0 x 1012/L
Children: 3.8-6.0 x 1012/L
Newborn: 4.1-6.1 x 1012/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are some things that would cause a high level blood count?

A

Dehydration, cigarette smoking, congenital heart disease, pulmonary fibrosis, renal cell carcinoma, polycythemia vera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are some things that would cause a low level blood count?

A

Bleeding, anemia, malnutrition, overhydration, hemolysis, erythropoietin deficiency, leukemia, multiple myeloma, porphyria, thalassemia, sickle cell anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are some drugs that would cause an increased blood count?

A

Methyldopa, gentamycin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are some drugs that would cause a low level blood count?

A

Quinidine, hydantoins, chloramphenicol, chemotherapeutic drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are the normal ranges for hemoglobin?

A

male 13.5- 16.5 g/dl
female 12.0-15.0 g/dl
pregnant 10- 15 g/dl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are some things that would cause a high level of hemoglobin?

A

Dehydration, cigarette smoking, polycythemia vera, tumors, erythropoietin abuse, lung diseases, blood doping.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are some things that would cause a low level of hemoglobin?

A

Nutritional deficiencies, blood loss, renal problems, sickle cell anemia, bone marrow suppression, leukemia, lead poisoning, Hodgkin’s lymphoma.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are some drugs that would cause an increased level of hemoglobin?

A

Erythropoietin, iron supplements.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the normal ranges of hematocrit?

A

Male: 41% - 50%
Female: 36% - 44%
Children: 36% - 40%
Newborn: 55% - 68%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what would cause a high level of hematocrit?

A

Dehydration, hypoxia, cigarette smoking, polycythemia vera, tumors, erythropoietin abuse, lung diseases, blood doping, erythrocytosis, cor pulmonale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what conditions would cause a low level of hematocrit?

A

Overhydration, nutritional deficiencies, blood loss, bone marrow suppression, leukemia, lead poisoning, Hodgkin’s lymphoma, chemotherapy treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the normal range for a platelet count?

A

150,000-400,000 per microliter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are some conditions that would cause a high platelet count?

A

Cancer, allergic reactions, polycythemia vera, recent spleen removal, chronic myelogenous leukemia, inflammation, secondary thrombocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are some conditions that would cause a low platelet count?

A

Viral infection, aplastic anemia, leukemia, alcoholism, vitamin B12 and folic acid deficiency, systemic lupus erythematosus, hemolytic uremic condition, HELLP syndrome, disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, vasculitis, sepsis, splenic sequestration, cirrhosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are some drugs that cause an increased platelet count?

A

Romiplostim, steroids, human IgG, immunosuppressants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are some drugs that would cause a decreased platelet count?

A

Aspirin, hydroxyurea, anagrelide, chemotherapeutic drugs, statins, ranitidine, quinidine, tetracycline, vancomycin, valproic acid, sulfonamides, phenytoin, piperacillin, penicillin, pentoxifylline, omeprazole, nitroglycerin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the normal range for white blood cell count?

A

5,000 - 10,000 per microliter (Some textbooks say 4,500 - 10,000)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are some things that would cause an elevated white blood cell count?

A

Infections, cigarette smoking, leukemia, inflammatory diseases, tissue damage, severe physical or mental stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are some things that would cause a decreased white blood cell count?

A

Autoimmune disorders, bone marrow deficiencies, viral diseases, liver problems, spleen problems, severe bacterial infections, radiation therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are some drugs that may increase white blood cells?

A

Corticosteroids, heparin, beta-adrenergic agonists, epinephrine, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, lithium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are some drugs that may decrease white blood cells?

A

Diuretics, chemotherapeutic drugs, histamine-2 blockers, captopril, anticonvulsants, antibiotics, antithyroid drugs, quinidine, chlorpromazine, terbinafine, clozapine, sulfonamides, ticlopidine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the normal level of pH for urine?

A

ideally 6.5 - 7.5. In some circumstances, too acidic or basic urine produces crystals. When this phenomenon happens inside the kidney, kidney stones can develop.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the specific gravity of urine?

A

1.001-1.035 Specific gravity reflects how concentrated the urine is. It can measure the proportion of solutes present in the urine when compared to pure water. Determining specific gravity is useful when you want to detect a particular substance in the urine sample.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is the normal range for potassium?

A

3.5-5.0 mEq/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what are some conditions that can cause an elevated potassium level?

A

acidosis, Infection, dehydration, Addison’s disease, injury to tissue, diabetes, acute or chronic kidney failure, hypoaldosteronism

27
Q

what are some conditions that can cause a low potassium level?

A

Anorexia nervosa, malnutrition, diarrhea, vomiting, poorly managed diabetes, hyperaldosteronism

28
Q

what are some drugs that can increase potassium levels?

A

ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, NSAIDs, potassium-sparing diuretics

29
Q

what are some drugs that can decrease potassium levels?

A

Amphotericin B, gentamicin, carbenicillin, corticosteroids, beta-adrenergic agonists, potassium-wasting diuretics

30
Q

what is the normal range for sodium?

A

135 to 145 milliequivalents per liter (mEq/L)

31
Q

what are some things that could cause a high level of sodium?

A

Cushing syndrome, diabetes insipidus, excessive fluid loss, malnutrition, dehydration

32
Q

what are some drugs that can cause a low sodium level?

A

Addison’s disease, renal diseases, cirrhosis, heart failure, ketonuria

33
Q

what are some things that night increase sodium levels?

A

NSAIDs, laxatives, birth control pills, corticosteroids, and lithium

34
Q

what would an abnormal chloride result indicate?

A

Together with sodium, potassium and carbon dioxide, chloride maintains the normal acid-base balance of the body through balancing body fluids. Abnormal changes in serum chloride levels is usually an indicator of metabolic changes in the body.

35
Q

what is the normal range for chloride?

A

95 - 105 milliequivalents per liter (mEq/L)

36
Q

what is the normal range for calcium?

A

8.5 to 10.9 mEq/L

37
Q

what is the normal range for magnesium?

A

1.5 to 2.5 mEq/L

38
Q

what is the normal range for phosphorus?

A

2.5-4.5 mg/dL

39
Q

phosphorus has a an inverse relationship with what?

A

calcium

40
Q

what are some drugs that can cause a decrease in phosphorus?

A

Antacids, diuretics, corticosteroids, anticonvulsants, ACE inhibitors, insulin

41
Q

what is the normal range for BUN and what does it indicate?

A

5 - 20mg/dL

42
Q

what are some causes of a high BUN level?

A

Hypovolemia, excessive protein levels in the gastrointestinal tract, congestive heart failure, gastrointestinal bleeding, heart attack, urinary tract obstruction, glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, acute tubular necrosis, kidney failure, shock.

43
Q

what are some drugs that can increase a BUN level?

A

Allopurinol, furosemide, indomethacin, cisplatin, methyldopa, propranolol, tetracyclines, rifampin, vancomycin, thiazide diuretics, gentamycin, carbamazepine, aminoglycosides, amphotericin B.

44
Q

what is the normal range for creatinine and what does it indicate?

A

Men: 0.6—1.2 mL/min
Women: 0.5—1.1mL/min

Creatinine is the product of muscle metabolism. Whenever there is an elevation in serum creatinine levels, renal dysfunction is usually suspected since the kidneys are responsible for the excretion of creatinine in the body.

45
Q

what are some drugs that can increase creatinine levels?

A

Aminoglycosides, methicillin, amphotericin B, cisplatin, dextran, cyclosporine, gallium, lithium, hydroxyurea, methoxyflurane, nitrofurantoin, plicamycin, pentamidine, streptozocin

46
Q

what is the normal range for PTT?

A

30 - 45 seconds although this may vary from lab to lab

47
Q

what is the normal range for a BNP and what does it indicate?

A

BNP levels below 100 picograms per milliliter are considered normal, and above 400 are considered high. Levels may increase with age. High levels are 98% effective in diagnosing CHF

48
Q

what are the components of an ABG?

A

pH: 7.35-7.45
Partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2): 75 to 100 mmHg
Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2): 35-45 mmHg
Bicarbonate (HCO3): 22-26 mEq/L
Oxygen saturation (O2 Sat): 94-100%

49
Q

what is the normal range for pH?

A

7.35 - 7.45

50
Q

what is the normal range for partial pressure of oxygen?

A

PaO2 75 - 100mmHg

51
Q

what is the normal range of partial pressure of carbon dioxide?

A

35 - 45

52
Q

what is the normal range for Bicarbonate or HCO3?

A

22 - 26mEq/L

53
Q

what is the FiO2?

A

fraction of inspired oxygen. Concentration of oxygen in the inspired air. Use the lowest FiO2 that achieves the targeted oxygenation. Avoid prolonged FiO2 > 0.60, as this may cause oxygen toxicity.

54
Q

what are some questions to ask when receiving a vented patient from the ER?

A

vent settings
what is being used for sedation?
are restraints being used?

55
Q

What is PEEP?

A

positive end expiratory pressure.
(3-10 cm H2O)
Pressure remaining in the lungs at end expiration. Used to keep alveoli open and “recruit” more alveoli to improve oxygenation for patients. High levels may cause barotrauma, increased intracranial pressure and decreased cardiac output.

56
Q

what is minute ventilation?

A 
Minute Ventilation (VE) (5-10 L/minute) 
Volume of gas exchanged per minute = (respiratory rate) x (tidal volume).
57
Q

the balloon on the end of an ET tube is call what?

A

pilot balloon

58
Q

describe the most common mode of mechanical ventilation and give two names for it

A

AC or assist control. also called CMV or continuous mandatory ventilation. The ventilator picks up on a negative pressure created by the patient and delivers a breath.

59
Q

what is a typical way to determine the tidal volume of mechanical ventilation?

A

about 8ml per kilogram of ideal body weight.

60
Q

what is lung compliance?

A

compliance represents the inverse relationship between volume and pressure of a gas. The less compliant the lung, the higher the pressure will be to achieve the desired volume.

61
Q

PEEP is typically set at what?

A

5 -20mmHG

62
Q

what is P.S. in mechanical ventilation?

A

Pressure support. Patient initiates all of the breaths. The higher the pressure setting, the bigger the breath

63
Q

what are the 4 things that need to be determined in a vent order?

A

Mode
Tidal volume
FiO2
and PEEP

OLOL NIHSS stroke (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions