Lab Textbook Chapter 1

Question 1

Axial

Answer 1

Relating to head, neck, and trunk, the axis of the body

Question 2

Appendicular

Answer 2

Relating to limbs and their attachments to the axis

Question 3

Body Orientation-Superior/Inferior

Answer 3

Above/below; placement of the structure along the long axis of the body

i.e. Nose is superior to the mouth

Question 4

Body Orientation- Anterior/Posterior

Answer 4

Front/back; I humans the most anterior structures are those that are most forward - the face, chest, abdomen

Posterior structures are those toward the backside of the body

i.e. The spine is posterior to the heart

Question 5

Body Orientation- Medial/Lateral

Answer 5

Toward the midline/away from the midline or median plane

i.e. The sternum (breastbone) is medial to the ribs; the ear is lateral to the nose

Question 6

Body Orientation-Cephalad (cranial)/Caudal

Answer 6

Toward the head/toward the tail; in humans these terms are used interchangably with superior and inferior, but in four legged animals they are synonymous with anterior and posterior, respectively

Question 7

Body Orientation- Dorsal/Ventral

Answer 7

Backside/belly side; used chiefly to discuss the comparative anatomy of animals

Question 8

Body Orientation- Proximal/Distal

Answer 8

Nearer the trunk or attached end/farther from the trunk or point of attachment

These terms are used primarily to locate various areas of the body limbs

i.e. The fingers are distal to the elbow; the knee is proximal to the toes

Question 9

Body Orientation- Superficial/Deep

Answer 9

Toward or at the body surface/away from the body surface; These terms locate body organs according to their relative closeness to the body surface

i.e. The skin is superficial to the skeleton; the lungs are deep to the rib cage

Question 10

Body Planes and Sections- Sagittal Plane

Answer 10

A sagittal plane runs longitudinally and divides the body into right and left parts

If it divides the body into equal parts, right down the midline of the body, it is called a median, or midsagittal, plane

Question 11

Body Planes and Sections- Frontal Plane

Answer 11

Sometimes called a coronal plane. the frontal plane is a longitudinal plane that divides the body (or an organ) into anterior and posterior parts

Question 12

Body Planes and Sections- Transverse Plane

Answer 12

A transverse plane runs horizontally, dividing the body into superior and inferior parts. When organs are sectioned along the transverse plane, the sections are commonly called cross sections

Question 13

Body Cavities- Dorsal Body Cavity

Answer 13

The dorsal body cavity can be subdivided into the cranial cavity, which contains the brain within the rigid skull, and the vertebral (or spinal) cavity, within which the spinal cord is protected by the bony vetebral column.

These cavities are continuous with each other.

Question 14

Body Cavities- Ventral Body Cavity

Answer 14

The ventral body cavity is subdivided into:

• Thoracic cavity- separated from the rest of the ventral cavity by the diaphragm; the heart and lungs are protected by the bony rib cage
• Abdominal cavity- the area that houses the stomach, intestines, liver and other organs
• Pelvic cavity- the region that is partially enclosed by the bony pelvis and contains the reproductive organs, bladder, and rectum

Question 15

Body Cavities- Oral Cavity

Answer 15

Commonly called the mouth, contains the tongue and teeth; it is continuous with the rest of the digestive tube

Question 16

Body Cavities- Nasal Cavity

Answer 16

Located within and posterior to the nose, the nasal cavity is part of the passages of the respiratory system

Question 17

Body Cavities- Orbital Cavities

Answer 17

The orbital cavities (orbitis) in the skull houses the eyes and present them in an anterior position

Question 18

Body Cavities- Middle Ear Cavity

Answer 18

Each middle ear cavity lies just medial to an eardrum and is carved into the bony skull; these cavities contain tiny bones that transmit sound vibrations to the hearing receptors in the inner ears

Question 19

Body Cavities- Synovial Cavities

Answer 19

Synovial cavities are joint cavities- they are enclosed within fibrous capsules that surround the freely movable joints of the body, such as those btween the vertebrae and the knee and hip joints

Like the serous membranes of the ventral body cavity, membranes lining the synovial cavities secrete a lubricating fluid that reduces friction as the enclosed structures move across one another

Question 20

Serous Membranes of the Ventral Body Cavity

Answer 20

The walls of the ventral body cavity and the outer surfaces of the organs it contains are covered with an exceedingly thin, double layed membrane called the serosa, or serous membrane.

The part of the membrane lining the cavity walls is referred to as the parietal serosa, and it is continuous with a similar membrane, the visceral serosa, covering the external surface of the the organs within the cavity.

These membranes produce a thin lubricating fluid that allows the visceral organs to slide over one another or to rub against the body wall with minimal friction.

Serous membranes also compartmentalize the various organs so that infection of one organ is prevented from spreading to others.

The serosa lining the abdominal cavity and covering the organs is the peritoneum, that enclosing the lungs is the pleura, and that around the heart is the pericardium.

Question 21

Surface Anatomy- Cephalic

Answer 21

• Frontal - forehead
• Orbital - bony eye socket (orbit)
• Otic - ear
• Occipital - posterior aspect of the head or base of the skull
• Nasal - Nose
• Buccal - Cheek
• Oral - Mouth
• Mental - Chin

Question 22

Surface Anatomy- Cervical

Answer 22

Neck region

Question 23

Surface Anatomy- Thoracic

Answer 23

• Sternal - region of the breastbone
• Axillary - armpit
• Mammary - breast region

Question 24

Surface Anatomy - Abdominal

Answer 24

Umbilical- Naval

Question 25

Surface Anatomy -Pelvic

Answer 25

Inguinal - Groin area

Question 26

Surface Anatomy - Pubic

Answer 26

Genital region

Question 27

Surface Anatomy - Dorsum

Answer 27

• Scalpular - scalpula or shoulder blade area
• Vetebral - area of the spinal cord
• Lumbar - area of the back between the ribs and hips; the loin
• Sacral - region between the hips (overlaying the sacrum)
• Gluteal - buttocks
• Perineal - region between the anus and external genitalia

Question 28

Surface Anatomy - Upper limb

Answer 28

• Acromial - point of the shoulder
• Brachial - arm
• Antecubital - anterior surface of the elbow
• Olecranal - posterior aspect of the elbow
• Antebrachial - forearm
• Carpal - wrist

Question 29

Surface Anatomy - Manus

Answer 29

• Pollex - thumb
• Palmar - palm of the hand
• Digital - fingers or toes

Question 30

Surface Anatomy - Lower limb

Answer 30

• Coxal - hip
• Femoral - thight
• Patellar - anterior knee (kneecap) region
• Popliteal - back of the knee
• Crural - leg
• Sural - calf or posterior surface of the leg
• Fibular or peroneal - side of the leg

Question 31

Surface Anatomy - Pedal (foot)

Answer 31

• Tarsal - ankle
• Calcaneal - heel of the foot
• Digital - fingers or toes
• Plantar - sole of the foot
• Hallux - great toe