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GRY 142 > Lab Test 3 Review > Flashcards

Lab Test 3 Review Flashcards

1
Q

Internal forces within the planet that builds landforms

A

Endogenic processes

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2
Q

External forces that simultaneously wear landforms into landscapes

A

Exogenic processes

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3
Q

Factors that determine drainage patterns

A

Slope, rock resistence, climate and hydrological variability, structural controls

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4
Q

Most common drainage patterns

A

Dendritic, parallel, trellis, rectangular, and radial

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5
Q

How is a floodplain formed?

A

During high stream flow

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6
Q

How is an oxbow lake formed?

A

When a meander is removed from the river’s current

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7
Q

The breakdown of materials

A

Weathering

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8
Q

The transport of weathered materials to different locations

A

Erosion

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9
Q

Types of physical weathering

A

Frost wedging, salt-crystal growth, exfoliation

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10
Q

Types of chemical weathering

A

Hydration and hydrolysis, oxidation, dissolution of carbonates

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11
Q

Karst equation

A

H20+CO2=H2C03

Water+Carbon Dioxide=Carbonic Acid

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12
Q

Formed by magma upwelling in Earth’s crust and flowing as lava across Earth’s surface

A

Igneous rocks

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13
Q

Formed by weathering, erosion, transportation, deposition, and lithification of igenous, metamorphic, or other sedimentary rock

A

Sedimentary rocks

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14
Q

Created through deformation of igneous and sedimentary rocks

A

Metamorphic rocks

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15
Q

Mixture of minerals bound together from heat and/or pressure

A

Rocks

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16
Q

Natural compound, inorganic, solid, crystalline structure, specific chemical makeup

A

Minerals

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17
Q

REVIEW THE ROCK CYCLE

A
  1. Igneous rock from magma
  2. Weathering and erosion
  3. Transport and deposition
  4. Sedimentation
  5. Compaction and cementation
  6. Burial, high temperatures and pressures
  7. Metamorphic rock
  8. Melting into magma
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18
Q

Cools slowly inside the earth, rocks with large crystals

A

Intrusive igneous rocks

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19
Q

Cools quickly outside the earth, rocks with small crystals

A

Extrusive igneous rocks

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20
Q

The compaction, cementation, and hardening of sediments into sedimentary rock

A

Lithification

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21
Q

Rotating, solid iron sphere, very hot

A

Inner core

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22
Q

Circulating, liquid mix of iron and nickel that generates 90% of earth’s magnetic field

A

Outer core

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23
Q

Dense, rigid, hot layer of rock

A

Lower mantle

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24
Q

Dense, rigid, cooler layer of rock

A

Upper mantle

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25
Q

Weak, plastic layer responsible for plate tectonics

A

Athenosphere

26
Q

Cool, rigid layer beneath the crust

A

Uppermost mantle

27
Q

Thin, very rigid, coolest layer

A

Crust

28
Q

What two elements account for nearly 75% of the crust?

A

Oxygen and silicon

29
Q

More dense but thinner, composed of basalt, granular, high in silica, magnesium, and iron

A

Oceanic crust

30
Q

Less dense but thicker, composed of granite, crystalline, high in silica, aluminum, potassium, calcium, and sodium

A

Continental crust

31
Q

The balance between buoyancy and gravitational force, elevations of continents and depths of oceans is determined by vertical movements in the earth’s crust

A

Isostasy

32
Q

Plate boundary in which two plates are moving toward one another

A

Convergent

33
Q

Plate boundary where plates are moving away from one another

A

Divergent

34
Q

Plate boundary where two plates grind past one another laterally

A

Transform (strike slip)

35
Q

What created the Hawaiian islands?

A

Hotspot volcanoes

36
Q

The study of earth’s internal structure by analyzing seismic waves; can be used to infer geologic structures or understand the scale of magma chambers beneath volcanoes

A

Seismic tomography

37
Q

Locations of volcanic activity

A
  1. Along subduction zone boundaries at continental-oceanic and oceanic-oceanic convergences
  2. Along spreading sea floors and rift valleys
  3. At hot spots caused by upwelling magma plumes form the lower mantle
38
Q

Soil horizon: large amounts of dead plant and/or animal residue, forests

A

O: Organic or humus

39
Q

Soil horizon: dark colored layer rich in fine clay

A

A: Topsoil

40
Q

Soil horizon: lighter in color and comprised of sand and coarse silt particles

A

E: Eluviation layer

41
Q

Soil horizon: accumulation of materials leached from above, oxides gives red and yellow hues

A

B: Subsoil

42
Q

Soil horizon: in sedimentary deposits, lacks biological activity

A

C: Parent material

43
Q

Soil horizon: parent material in bedrock landscapes

A

R: Bedrock

44
Q

What are the 6 soil characteristics?

A

Color, texture, structure, consistency, porosity, and permeability

45
Q

Self-regulating association of living plants and animals and their nonliving physical environment

A

Ecosystem

46
Q

Study of the distribution of plants and animals, the diverse spatial patterns they create, and the physical and biological processes, past and present, that produce earth’s species richness

A

Biogeography

47
Q

What is the role of plants in interpreting physical conditions?

A

Plants are the most visible part of the biotic landscape and help control it

48
Q

What are some factors that determine biome characteristics?

A

Soil composition, amount of water and inorganic nutrients, altitude, latitude, climate, proximity to water

49
Q

What are the 6 major vegetation groups?

A

Forest, savanna, grassland, shrubland, desert, and tundra

50
Q

Biome: thick canopy cover, only about 1% of sunlight reaches the forest floor, infertile soils that can support plant growth, most biodiversity, always warm

A

Tropical rainforest

51
Q

Biome: low and erratic rainfall, transitional area between rainforests and tropical grasslands, always warm

A

Tropical seasonal forest and scrub

52
Q

Biome: large expanses of grassland interrupted by trees and shrubs, drought resistant plants due to rainfall variability

A

Tropical savannah

53
Q

Biome: humid subtropical, humid continental, cold season, eastern US and eastern China

A

Midlatitude broadleaf and mixed forest

54
Q

Biome: subarctic humid continental, short summers and cold winters, southern Canada

A

Needleleaf forest and montane forest

55
Q

Biome: thick, diverse vegetation form the canopy to the forest floor, marine west coast, mild summer and winter

A

Temperate rainforest

56
Q

Biome: short shrubs, drought adapted, meditteranean, hot dry summers and cool winters

A

Mediterranean shrubland

57
Q

Biome: tall grass prairies and shortgrass steppes, major agricultural areas, hot summer, midwest

A

Midlatitude grasslands

58
Q

Biome: bare ground graduating into xerophytic plants, arid desert

A

Warm desert and semidesert

59
Q

Biome: short grass and dry shrubs, semiarid steppe, high elevation with low moisture

A

Cold desert and semidesert

60
Q

Biome: treeless, sedges, mosses, lichens, short grasses, tundra, frozen, poor drainage in the summer

A

Arctic and alpine tundra

61
Q

Analyzes and describes landforms– their orgin, evolution, and spatial distribution

A

Geomorphology

GRY 142 (2 decks)

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