Lab test 2 Flashcards
What are the special senses?
What are the somatic senses?
What are somatic stimuli?
What are visceral stimuli?
What is the special sense not first processed int the thalamus?
How is sensory information other than olfaction processed?
Olfaction
First in the thalamus then info is passed to a specialized sensory cortex to understand the meaning.
What is sensory transduction?
What sensory receptors perform this job? match to their sense.
What is the strength of the stimulus called?
What is the length of time of the stimulus called?
What are tonic receptors?
What are phasic receptors?
Where are odorant molecules received?
What is the five step sensory process?
receptor proteins of a dendrites primary sensory neurons
What is the transduction of olfaction?
Conversion of signals of specific molecules in air that bind to olfactory receptors into neural signals; pattern interpreted in brain as specific scents.
What is gustation?
Where are gustation sensory cells located?
What are the fiver receptor types of gustation?
Taste
within mouth clustered into taste buds
Salty, sweet, sour, bitter, umami
What kind of receptors are taste receptors?
What is the transduction of gustation?
chemoreceptors
Convert molecules in food into neural signals; the patterns are interpreted in brain as specific flavors.
What are the taste perceptions are there chemical association?
What are the two types of taste cells?
What does each detect and what is each ones NT?
What are hair cells?
What are stereocilia?
What does the bending of stereocilia do?
Where are hair cells located for hearing? What determines the pitch the hair cells are sensitive to?
What detects movement and acceleration?
Vertical?
Horizontal?
Rotational?
vestibular apparatus
maculae of saccule(vertical)
maculae of utricle(horizontal)
Crista
What is the transduction of vision?
Where are photoreceptors located?
Convert light rays(photons) into neural signals.
Located in the retina
Where does light not need to pass through layers of ganglion and bipolar cells to reach photoreceptors?
Trace a neural signal in vision?
fovea centralis
Neural signal begins in rods and cones, passes to the bipolar cells, then the ganglion cells which project to the lateral geniculate nucleus in the thalamus through the optic nerve.
What are the two types of photoreceptors and what do they sense?
Rods- white and black, more sensitive at low illumination
Cones- colors(red, green, and blue) in daylight, better visual acuity
What NT does a rod secrete when exposed to dark?
glutamate(prevents bipolar cell from firing)
What is rhodopsin?
a pigment that absorbs light and changes shape
Why do you see an afterimage?
bleaching of pigment, (takes time for retinal and opsin to recombine to original shape
What test tests visual acuity?
Snellen eye chart
What is refraction?
What can make an image blurred?
What does LASIK do?
When light passes through the cornea and again through the lens, light bends.
When light rays converge in front or behind the retina, LASIK changes shape of cornea
What is farsightedness?What lenses fix this? Where doe light hit?
What is nearsightedness?What lenses fix this?Where does light hit?
farsightedness= hyperopia, convex lenses(see better far away), light reflects behind retina
Nearsightedness= myopia, concave lenses(see better close up), light reflects in front of retina
What is presbyopia?
What is astigmatism? How do you correct this?
Presbyopia- age related farsightedness (after 40) stiffened lens
Astigmatism- blurred vision due to abnormally curved cornea(where bifocals to correct)
What is the fovea known for?
What muscle adjust lens shape to focus image on fovea?
How do you test this muscle?
point of highest visual acuity
ciliary muscle ring
near point of vision test
What does the vestibular apparatus test or “chair spin” test?
how the sensory systems integrate information
Where is the blind spot?
optic disk( no photoreceptors, where blood vessels and optic nerve leave eye)
What creates an afterimage?
bleaching or rhodopsin
What wavelengths do the different cones detect?
Blue- short
Green- medium
Red- long
If you bleach your red cones what will you see?
Blue Cones?
Green Cones?
cyan
yellow
magenta
What is the test for trichromatic vision(all three cones function)?
Ishihara test
What test is used for testing conduction deafness?
Rinnes test
What tests sensory deafness?(could be damaged cochlea or vestibulocochlear nerve)
Weber’s Test
What is a motor unit?
one somatic motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates.
What can increase the force and power output of a muscle?How?
prestretch, because it stores elastic energy during the stretch
What is fatigue?
The inability to sustain a given level of work
What system is used for very high intensity activity?(10-15 seconds)
ATP-CP system, ATP- Creatine Phosphate, and a little glycolysis
What system is used for high intensity activity? (60-90 seconds)
glycolysis primarily, will accumulate lactic acid and aerobic pathways Citric Acid Cycle and ETS contribute a little
What system is used during Moderate to high intensity activity( 5k and longer)
Aerobic pathways are primary, can lead to Central Fatigue if body starts to breakdown amino acids.(feel like shit)
What in lab measures levels of muscle force?
What measures electrical activity in a muscle?
Grip dynanometer
electromyography
What kind of feedback loops are reflexes? What are reflexes categories? Which category is involuntary and which is protective?
Negative
somatic or autonomic
somatic- protective
autonomic- involuntary
Where is the integration center of cranial reflexes? spinal reflexes?
CR- in the brain or brainstem
SR- spinal chord
Reflex loops characteristics?
-can diagnose patients in clinical environments as an abnormal respone could signal a neurological disorder, or brain/spinal chord damage.
can be rapid- depends on # of neurons and synapses involved
How many neurons are in a autonomic reflex loop? Somatic?
A- 4
S- 3
What are the sensors of somatic reflexes?
proprioceptors(somatic mechanoreceptors) muscle spindle and golgi tendon organ
Where is a muscle spindle?
Where is a Golgi tendon organ?
What does a muscle spindle detect?
What do we call regular muscle fibers?
Muscle spindle consists of the intrafusal fibers of the muscle and is located among and parallel to muscle fibers.
GTO- links the muscle and the tendon
MS- detects increases in muscle length(stretch) when the load on that muscle increases
extrafusal fibers
In muscle spindle what do gamma motor neurons innervate? alpha motor nuerons?
What does the golgi tendon organ detect?
What makes up the GTO?
dangerously high muscle tension that could cause damage
sensory nerve endings interwoven among collagen fibers.
What are the steps of the golgi tendon organ reflex?
- neuron form golgi tendon organ fires
- motor neuron is inhibited
- muscle relaxes
- load is dropped
What does reciprocal inhibitoin do? Where does this control take place?
prevents antagonist from working against the agonist, when the agonist contracts antagonist relaxes, when agonist relaxes antagonist contracts.
spinal chord
What is the crossed extensor reflex?
Stretch reflex tests and what each abnormal result means
patellar tendon tap(abnorma means lumbar spine injury L2-L4)
biceps jerk(abnormal cervical spinal injury to c5-c6)
achilles tendon tap(abnormal sacral spinal injury to s1-s2)
plantar reflex(abnormal means damage to nerve path btwn spinal chord and cerebral cortex) should not have babinski’s sign after age two( big toe up other toes spread)
Possible causes for diminished or absent reflexes
diabetes, alcoholism, lead toxicity, brain damage, stroke, multiple sclerosis, brain tumor.
What should fasting glucose be?
What is serum?
less that 100-110 mg/dl
Like plasma but no clotting factor
Glucose tolerance test
should never exceed 200mg/dl during 2 hr test
should be greater than 140 mg/dl at 2hr measurement
Hyperglycemia(high blood sugar)
What is prediabetes glucose levels?
What is diabetes glucose levels?
Hypogylcemia(low blood sugar)
What is hypoglycemic glucose levels?
pre- 100-125mg/dl
dia- greater than 126 mg/dl
hypo- below 70mg/dl
What did we use to test blood glucose levels?
Whole blood
What is the process of insulin secreation?
What hormone is insulin?
What stimulate release of insulin between meals?
peptide
glucagon
What are the different glucose transporters? and where are they? Are glut 4 transporters in membrane in fasted or fed state? What are hepatocytes?
Glut-4 transporter= inside muscle cell and adipose tissue
Glut-2 transporter= always present on liver cells membrane
Glute 4 in membrane during fed state
liver cells/ glut 2 transporters- transport glucose into blood in fasted state, take it in in fed state
what is glucose stored as? what is a clinical test for diabetes? What does the test assess?
glycogen
glucose tolerance test
ability of beta cells to secrete insulin, ability of cells to uptake glucose
What are the types of diabetes? What percent is which? what is the problem?
Type1- 10% insufficient insulin
type 2- 20% insulin resistance
