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Physiology lab test 2 > Lab test 2 > Flashcards

Lab test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the special senses?

What are the somatic senses?

What are somatic stimuli?

What are visceral stimuli?

A
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2
Q

What is the special sense not first processed int the thalamus?

How is sensory information other than olfaction processed?

A

Olfaction

First in the thalamus then info is passed to a specialized sensory cortex to understand the meaning.

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3
Q

What is sensory transduction?

What sensory receptors perform this job? match to their sense.

A
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4
Q

What is the strength of the stimulus called?

What is the length of time of the stimulus called?

A
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5
Q

What are tonic receptors?

What are phasic receptors?

A
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6
Q

Where are odorant molecules received?

What is the five step sensory process?

A

receptor proteins of a dendrites primary sensory neurons

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7
Q

What is the transduction of olfaction?

A

Conversion of signals of specific molecules in air that bind to olfactory receptors into neural signals; pattern interpreted in brain as specific scents.

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8
Q

What is gustation?

Where are gustation sensory cells located?

What are the fiver receptor types of gustation?

A

Taste

within mouth clustered into taste buds

Salty, sweet, sour, bitter, umami

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9
Q

What kind of receptors are taste receptors?

What is the transduction of gustation?

A

chemoreceptors

Convert molecules in food into neural signals; the patterns are interpreted in brain as specific flavors.

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10
Q

What are the taste perceptions are there chemical association?

A
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11
Q

What are the two types of taste cells?

What does each detect and what is each ones NT?

A
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12
Q

What are hair cells?

What are stereocilia?

What does the bending of stereocilia do?

A
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13
Q

Where are hair cells located for hearing? What determines the pitch the hair cells are sensitive to?

A
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14
Q

What detects movement and acceleration?

Vertical?

Horizontal?

Rotational?

A

vestibular apparatus

maculae of saccule(vertical)

maculae of utricle(horizontal)

Crista

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15
Q

What is the transduction of vision?

Where are photoreceptors located?

A

Convert light rays(photons) into neural signals.

Located in the retina

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16
Q

Where does light not need to pass through layers of ganglion and bipolar cells to reach photoreceptors?

Trace a neural signal in vision?

A

fovea centralis

Neural signal begins in rods and cones, passes to the bipolar cells, then the ganglion cells which project to the lateral geniculate nucleus in the thalamus through the optic nerve.

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17
Q

What are the two types of photoreceptors and what do they sense?

A

Rods- white and black, more sensitive at low illumination

Cones- colors(red, green, and blue) in daylight, better visual acuity

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18
Q

What NT does a rod secrete when exposed to dark?

A

glutamate(prevents bipolar cell from firing)

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19
Q

What is rhodopsin?

A

a pigment that absorbs light and changes shape

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20
Q

Why do you see an afterimage?

A

bleaching of pigment, (takes time for retinal and opsin to recombine to original shape

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21
Q

What test tests visual acuity?

A

Snellen eye chart

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22
Q

What is refraction?

What can make an image blurred?

What does LASIK do?

A

When light passes through the cornea and again through the lens, light bends.

When light rays converge in front or behind the retina, LASIK changes shape of cornea

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23
Q

What is farsightedness?What lenses fix this? Where doe light hit?

What is nearsightedness?What lenses fix this?Where does light hit?

A

farsightedness= hyperopia, convex lenses(see better far away), light reflects behind retina

Nearsightedness= myopia, concave lenses(see better close up), light reflects in front of retina

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24
Q

What is presbyopia?

What is astigmatism? How do you correct this?

A

Presbyopia- age related farsightedness (after 40) stiffened lens

Astigmatism- blurred vision due to abnormally curved cornea(where bifocals to correct)

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25
Q

What is the fovea known for?

What muscle adjust lens shape to focus image on fovea?

How do you test this muscle?

A

point of highest visual acuity

ciliary muscle ring

near point of vision test

26
Q

What does the vestibular apparatus test or “chair spin” test?

A

how the sensory systems integrate information

27
Q

Where is the blind spot?

A

optic disk( no photoreceptors, where blood vessels and optic nerve leave eye)

28
Q

What creates an afterimage?

A

bleaching or rhodopsin

29
Q

What wavelengths do the different cones detect?

A

Blue- short

Green- medium

Red- long

30
Q

If you bleach your red cones what will you see?

Blue Cones?

Green Cones?

A

cyan

yellow

magenta

31
Q

What is the test for trichromatic vision(all three cones function)?

A

Ishihara test

32
Q

What test is used for testing conduction deafness?

A

Rinnes test

33
Q

What tests sensory deafness?(could be damaged cochlea or vestibulocochlear nerve)

A

Weber’s Test

34
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

one somatic motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates.

35
Q

What can increase the force and power output of a muscle?How?

A

prestretch, because it stores elastic energy during the stretch

36
Q

What is fatigue?

A

The inability to sustain a given level of work

37
Q

What system is used for very high intensity activity?(10-15 seconds)

A

ATP-CP system, ATP- Creatine Phosphate, and a little glycolysis

38
Q

What system is used for high intensity activity? (60-90 seconds)

A

glycolysis primarily, will accumulate lactic acid and aerobic pathways Citric Acid Cycle and ETS contribute a little

39
Q

What system is used during Moderate to high intensity activity( 5k and longer)

A

Aerobic pathways are primary, can lead to Central Fatigue if body starts to breakdown amino acids.(feel like shit)

40
Q

What in lab measures levels of muscle force?

What measures electrical activity in a muscle?

A

Grip dynanometer

electromyography

41
Q

What kind of feedback loops are reflexes? What are reflexes categories? Which category is involuntary and which is protective?

A

Negative

somatic or autonomic

somatic- protective

autonomic- involuntary

42
Q

Where is the integration center of cranial reflexes? spinal reflexes?

A

CR- in the brain or brainstem

SR- spinal chord

43
Q

Reflex loops characteristics?

A

-can diagnose patients in clinical environments as an abnormal respone could signal a neurological disorder, or brain/spinal chord damage.

can be rapid- depends on # of neurons and synapses involved

44
Q

How many neurons are in a autonomic reflex loop? Somatic?

A

A- 4

S- 3

45
Q

What are the sensors of somatic reflexes?

A

proprioceptors(somatic mechanoreceptors) muscle spindle and golgi tendon organ

46
Q

Where is a muscle spindle?

Where is a Golgi tendon organ?

What does a muscle spindle detect?

What do we call regular muscle fibers?

A

Muscle spindle consists of the intrafusal fibers of the muscle and is located among and parallel to muscle fibers.

GTO- links the muscle and the tendon

MS- detects increases in muscle length(stretch) when the load on that muscle increases

extrafusal fibers

47
Q

In muscle spindle what do gamma motor neurons innervate? alpha motor nuerons?

A
48
Q

What does the golgi tendon organ detect?

What makes up the GTO?

A

dangerously high muscle tension that could cause damage

sensory nerve endings interwoven among collagen fibers.

49
Q

What are the steps of the golgi tendon organ reflex?

A
  1. neuron form golgi tendon organ fires
  2. motor neuron is inhibited
  3. muscle relaxes
  4. load is dropped
50
Q

What does reciprocal inhibitoin do? Where does this control take place?

A

prevents antagonist from working against the agonist, when the agonist contracts antagonist relaxes, when agonist relaxes antagonist contracts.

spinal chord

51
Q

What is the crossed extensor reflex?

A
52
Q

Stretch reflex tests and what each abnormal result means

A

patellar tendon tap(abnorma means lumbar spine injury L2-L4)

biceps jerk(abnormal cervical spinal injury to c5-c6)

achilles tendon tap(abnormal sacral spinal injury to s1-s2)

plantar reflex(abnormal means damage to nerve path btwn spinal chord and cerebral cortex) should not have babinski’s sign after age two( big toe up other toes spread)

53
Q

Possible causes for diminished or absent reflexes

A

diabetes, alcoholism, lead toxicity, brain damage, stroke, multiple sclerosis, brain tumor.

54
Q

What should fasting glucose be?

What is serum?

A

less that 100-110 mg/dl

Like plasma but no clotting factor

55
Q

Glucose tolerance test

A

should never exceed 200mg/dl during 2 hr test

should be greater than 140 mg/dl at 2hr measurement

56
Q

Hyperglycemia(high blood sugar)

What is prediabetes glucose levels?

What is diabetes glucose levels?

Hypogylcemia(low blood sugar)

What is hypoglycemic glucose levels?

A

pre- 100-125mg/dl

dia- greater than 126 mg/dl

hypo- below 70mg/dl

57
Q

What did we use to test blood glucose levels?

A

Whole blood

58
Q

What is the process of insulin secreation?

What hormone is insulin?

What stimulate release of insulin between meals?

A

peptide

glucagon

59
Q

What are the different glucose transporters? and where are they? Are glut 4 transporters in membrane in fasted or fed state? What are hepatocytes?

A

Glut-4 transporter= inside muscle cell and adipose tissue

Glut-2 transporter= always present on liver cells membrane

Glute 4 in membrane during fed state

liver cells/ glut 2 transporters- transport glucose into blood in fasted state, take it in in fed state

60
Q

what is glucose stored as? what is a clinical test for diabetes? What does the test assess?

A

glycogen

glucose tolerance test

ability of beta cells to secrete insulin, ability of cells to uptake glucose

61
Q

What are the types of diabetes? What percent is which? what is the problem?

A

Type1- 10% insufficient insulin

type 2- 20% insulin resistance

Physiology lab test 2 (1 decks)

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