lab test 1 Flashcards
latitude
horizontal lines 0-90° N/S
longitude
vertical lines 0-180° E/W
Redondo Canyon seafloor is covered in
mud
bluff cove seafloor is covered in
rocks
submarine pipes are closest to what city
el segundo
sewer water is pumped out how far
5.8 nautical miles
distance from marina del rey shore to longest sewer
2.3 nautical miles
longest/northern sewer at shore distance to king harbor
5.3 nautical miles
distance bluff cove to king harbor
3.4 nautical miles
depth of the E compass rose
237 fathoms x 1 foot/6 fathoms = 1422 feet
closer lines mean
steeper
shoreline drop
line shifts father out
long steep slope is caused by
faults and rifting
raise sea level
shifts shoreline in, hill becomes island
if seamounts top is 300, then true top is and if bottom is 400 then true bottom is
250+/- and 450+/- whole height is 200
bathymetry
write all depths from far - shore on x axis, sketch side view, label land and ocean and slope
convergent boundaries with subduction zones have
trenches, tsunamis, largest earthquakes, volcanoes
example of continental continental convergence
himalayas
north america separates from africa
175 million years ago forming the atlantic ocean
india begins separating from antarctica about
120 million years ago
india first reached equator about
65 million years ago
india hit asian about
20 million years ago forming the himalayas
north and south america sub ducted and what happened
they subducted into a trench, forming volcanoes which formed panama and panama canal.
north and south america joined
5 million years ago
north and south america joining caused
blockage of currents, the beginning of the ice age, temperature dropped 5°
baja CA separated from mexico
10 million years ago
plates separate and
oceanic crust forms
baja and S CA are moving
north
gulf of CA is
getting larger
BAJA and S CA will eventually
become an island
Red Sea began separating to join indian ocean
5 million years ago
east africa will eventually
break off and become an island
mountain rock vs beach rock
mountain rock is slightly rounded but still angular; beach rock is very small very round and tan
inner shelf vs outer shelf SP
inner is round, biggest rocks, tan and dull while outter shelf is tiny round and dull
SP basin vs Tanner Basin
SP basin has shiny shells and dull sand mixed together, tiny + round
Tanner basin: smallest and shiniest, mostly colored shells
outer cabrillo beach vs inner
outer: finer and smaller
inner: larger and less rounded bc it only gets small waves
south point, kona coast
green, white, dull, smooth
made of olivine and coral and basalt that comes from olivine and coral and volcanoes?
city of refuge
grey, black, white, fine and angular
comes from coral and basalt (volcanoes)
kapalana beach
black/brown, fine, rounded from basalt (volcanoes)
oahu
fine, shiny, round, colorful
from shells and coral
higher density minerals are what color
dark colors
light or dark minerals sink faster
dark bc higher density
darker colored minerals are more common on a winter beach because
the waves are intense and so it’s likely they carried the lighter rocks away (lower density)
lithogenous
grey, claylike, fine, dusty, powdery, rounded
found near land, made of eroded land sediments
siliceous ooze (radiolarians)
white, round, dusty, powdery
found near equator where surface waters are cool and calm and they can accumulate
calcareous ooze (foraminifera)
cream, round, fine, powdery,
found near ridge because it dissolves if the water is too deep due to cold and CO2(acid)
red clay
red, round, fine, dull, dusty
found on plains far from continents
alcohol or water spreads more and why
alcohol, water sticks together better due to cohesion and evaporates slower
stronger bond: water or alcohol
water because it binds to other things, doesn’t spread or drop as easily
what’s the best solvent
water because it’s polar and has hydrogen bonds, it dissolves things by connecting to separates parts of molecule ie: Oxygen connects to Na and H connects to Cl
how would the ocean be different if water wasn’t a good solvent
salts and nutrients in ocean would just settle on the bottom and there wouldn’t be any life
if you dissolve 4 grams of salt in 96 grams of water what’s the percentage of salt
4/100 = 4%
boiling water
water temperature increases by about 6 every 30 seconds until the temperature reaches 100 (starts at 53)
why does water stop at 100°
this is the boiling point so the water begins to evaporate and be released as steam
do liquid water molecules ever stop moving
no
which water spreads out more evenly and quickly
warm (molecules are moving faster)
which water gets more acidic salty or fresh
freshwater
what does warm water do when placed in normal water
rises to the top
what happens to cool water in room temp water
sinks and spreads on the bottom
what does salty water do in room temp water
spreads on bottom and mixes well
egg floats when?
its density is lower than water (salt water)
fluids density and support
higher density = more support (salt water)
oil=low density= low support
would plankton get more support from salty lagoon or freshwater lake, warm or cold water
salty and cold water because they would float better and be able to conduct photosynthesis easier
method used to retrieve plankton sample
dragged net for 5 mins at 1mph
are plankton captured in net representative of all plankton
no bc diatoms are smaller than 5 microns, we got copecod zoo plankton and algae
which plankton is most abundant
copecod plankton - 1/10 plant size, base of food chain (only need sunlight)
secchi disk test
disappears at 4.5 m, so photic zone is 3x4.5 = 13.5 m
what’s the photic zone
depth at which visibility of materials in ocean is possible
what does forel color blue 10(blue green) indicate about water
amount of all plankton, autumn bloom
where are phytoplankton more abundant
far from shore (ocean is blue here)
why are plankton more abundant in one place
they can only live in nutrient rich areas, water is less mixed near the shore due to waves, river runoff and thermocline
when are phytoplankton more abundant near coast
spring-autumn april-september because sun is closer to earth
temperature of water at surface
68°F/20°C
salinity of water at surface
33%
pH of water at surface
- 5+/-
6. 14 with pH meter
period of waves
7 seconds
wavelength of waves in surf zone
6 fingers, 40-50ft
waves in harbor are
smaller because they are protected with breakwater
entrance to king harbor is on south side why?
long shore transport moves sand south due to waves, if entrance was on north side it would fill with sand
storm drains
drain street to ocean
why are beaches closed after it rains
hazardous chemicals get washed onto beach/ocean
why is harmful bloom common in harbor
confined space that’s concentrated w fertilizer
evidence of high tide
mussels barely visible, no beach
what’s on mudflat
moss and algae
why are wetlands important to fish
mating area(50% all fish mate here) protection from fish and waves
why are wetlands important to birds
food supply, protection from coyotes and raccoons
rocks on low cliff by ocean
sedimentary, turbidites
where did layers of sandstone and shale form
deep in ocean (1 mile) and they entered land through convergence
white layers
diatomite
why are these diatomite rocks important to economies
paint (flat/matte), gardening (keep out snails) and pool filters
how old are these diatomite sedimentary turbidites
15 million years
marine provinces off southern california
cold temperate, warm temperate, subtropical
5 kinds of marine habitats
rocky shores, channel island, sandy beach, open ocean, kelp forest
kelp products
gunpowder(extract acetone and potash)
alginic acid
salad dressing(stabilizer, reduces separation with carageenan and algin)
frozen food (carrageenan and algin absorb water and prevent ice crystals)
what percentage of wetlands in CA have been destroyed
78%, they were commercialized (turned into ports, residences, etc) with artificial landfill
biggest sources of oil pollution
transportation, river runoff
wetlands are harmed by oil spills bc oil gets trapped in waterways and vegetation, cleanup is very difficult and animals are harmed
man made changes of mudflat in LA long beach harbor
early 1900s: shipping channels dredged, spoil used for landfill, LA river diverted
1928: deadman’s island removes to widen shipping channel
* altered mudflat environment, animals suffer
* artificial landfill
what formed basins and banks and islands
patton escarpment is deescalating across pacific due to plate movement
household item being crushed
stirofoam cup shrinks at 12000ft/2000 fathoms to 1.5 inches
wetlands benefit humans
clean and filter water
