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Bio 120 lab > Lab test 1 > Flashcards

Lab test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Equation to estimate size of specimen:

A

Field of view / # of cells.
4x - 4.40 mm
10x - 1.75 mm
40x - 0.44 mm

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2
Q

All cells share these four features:

A

Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, ribosomes

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3
Q

Two groups of prokaryotic organisms:

A

Bacteria and archaea

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4
Q

Function of glycocalyx:

A

Traps water, protects bacterium from desiccation

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5
Q

Layers of general bacterial cell:

A

Capsule, cell wall, plasma membrane

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6
Q

Slide prep: pipette specimen, apply coverslip (4)

A

Anabaena, Amoeba, Paramecium, Volvox*

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7
Q

Is Anabaena considered multicellular?

A

Yes, because the heterocyst is considered a specialized cell.

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8
Q

Anabaena:

A

Filamentous unbranched chain of cells surrounded by gelatinous sheath.

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9
Q

Heterocyst:

A

A large, thick-walled cell in the middle of Anabaena; used in nitrogen fixation

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10
Q

Where does cellular respiration occur in cyanobacteria?

A

Chlorophyll in cell membrane - cyanobacteria are photosynthetic

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11
Q

The human body has over # cell types.

A

200

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12
Q

Slide prep: wet mount (5)

A

Elodea, Tradescantia, onion, red pepper, banana*

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13
Q

Cell walls in plants are composed of ___, as opposed to prokaryotic cell walls.

A

Cellulose

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14
Q

Slide prep for cheek cell:

A
  1. Dye.
  2. Scrape and rub.
  3. Coverslip.
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15
Q

Microscopy: B/W, white organelles on black background, quite detailed

A

Phase contrast

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16
Q

Microscopy: glass-like, 3D-like, highly detailed

A

Differential interference contrast or Nomarski

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17
Q

Microscopy: bright colour on black background, glowing, anemone-like

A

Fluorescence

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18
Q

Microscopy: two or more colours on black background, very detailed

A

Confocal laser scanning

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19
Q

Microscopy: B/W, dark organelles on white background, HIGHLY detailed

A

Transmission electron (TEM)

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20
Q

Microscopy: 3D, weird curves, B/W

A

Scanning electron (SEM)

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21
Q

Where is the purple pigment of Tradescantia staminal hairs stored? What is it called?

A

Central vacuole. Anthocyanin.

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22
Q

How much of the cell is occupied by the central vacuole?

A

85-90%

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23
Q

Function of the vacuole:

A

Structural support, storage of water/enzymes/ions/proteins/toxins

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24
Q

What are the particles that travel through cytoplasmic strands?

A

Cellular granules - may be mitochondria

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25
Q

Slide prep for onion epidermal cells:

A
  1. Drop of water
  2. Peel skin from concave surface of onion scale
  3. Coverslip
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26
Q

Three main types of plastids:

A

Chloroplasts, chromoplasts, leucoplasts

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27
Q

Chloroplasts:

A

Site of photosynthesis. Green due to chlorophyll in the thylakoid membranes.

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28
Q

Chromoplasts:

A

Contain pigment called carotenoids (yellow, orange, red, dark purple). Attracts animals for pollination/seed dispersal.

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29
Q

Slide prep for red pepper:

A
  1. Drop of water
  2. Peel skin from outside of pepper
  3. Coverslip
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30
Q

Plasmodesmata:

A

Cytoplasmic connections that run through perforations in the cell wall for communication between cells.

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31
Q

Leucoplasts:

A

Non-pigmented plastids that store starch/proteins/lipids.

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32
Q

Slide prep for banana (Musa):

A

Wet mount, then squish

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33
Q

Why do starch grains appear layered?

A

Each layer corresponds to a day of starch deposition

34
Q

What is responsible for formation of pseudopodium?

A

Microfilaments in the cytoskeleton, composed of actin subunits

35
Q

Function and shape of contractile vacuole:

A

Osmoregulation, perfectly circular

36
Q

What passes through nuclear pores?

37
Q

Why do mitochondria have finger-like cristae?

A

To increase surface area available for ATP synthesis

38
Q

What kinds of cells have cell walls?

A

Plants/bacteria/archaea/fungi/some protists

39
Q

Function of the cytoplasm:

A

Environment for cellular processes

40
Q

Function of microtubules:

A

Structure and movement of cilia/flagella, cell organization/shape

41
Q

Function of microfilaments:

A

Cell strength, shape, movement

42
Q

Function of golgi:

A

Modifies/stores/ships products of ER

43
Q

Function of lysosomes:

A

Contains enzymes that digest food/waste

44
Q

Function of nucleolus:

A

Ribosome subunit assembly

45
Q

Function of nucleus:

A

Determines cell function through control of proteins

46
Q

Function of ribosomes:

A

Site of protein synthesis, composed of rRNA and proteins

47
Q

Function of rough ER:

A

Initial synthesis and sorting of proteins for export

48
Q

Function of smooth ER:

A

Lipid synthesis/modification, detox of drugs/alc, calcium ion storage, glycogen breakdown

49
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The random movement of molecules from high to low concentration.

50
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Movement of solvent through a selectively permeable membrane from low to high solute concentration

51
Q

What prevents plant cells from bursting in hypotonic solutions?

A

Turgor pressure (reaching turgid) - cell wall stops water from entering after a certain amount

52
Q

Plasmolysis:

A

Reduction of turgor pressure (water leaves cell) - vacuole decreases and plasma membrane pulls away from cell wall

53
Q

Binary fission in prokaryotic cells:

A

Single chromosome in the form of a circular loop of DNA duplicates then separate

54
Q

Aside from DNA, what else is duplicated when a cell undergoes binary fission?

55
Q

Functions of mitosis:

A

Production and maintenance of multicellularity (zygote to embryo to adult)
Asexual reproduction
Replacement of old/dead tissues

56
Q

When do chromosomes condense? uncoil?

A

Prophase; telophase

57
Q

What is a blastodisc?

A

Fertilized egg in multicellular embryonic stage

58
Q

Colony:

A

Individual cells/organisms that stick together (gelatinous matrix) and may communicate - NO SPECIALIZED CELLS

59
Q

What is the function of the eyespot in algae?

A

Orients alga towards light

60
Q

What is the function of the pyrenoid in algae?

A

Responsible for synthesis of starch and photosynthetic sugars

61
Q

How do cells of a colony communicate?

A

Cytoplasmic bridges - necessary for coordination of flagellar movement.

62
Q

What is the difference between Gonium and Eudorina colonies?

A

Gonium is flat, Eudorina is spherical

63
Q

Slide prep for Volvox:

A
  1. Pipette a drop
  2. Observe on 10x WITHOUT coverslip
  3. Coverslip, 40x
64
Q

Two types of Volvox cells:

A

Somatic, reproductive.

65
Q

How does Volvox reproduce?

A

Specialized cells undergo repeated cell division. When mature, the parent organism rupture and releases small spherical daughter organisms.

66
Q

What human cells are haploid?

A

ONLY sex cells

67
Q

How to tell whether cells are diploid/haploid? duplicated or not?

A

If it has a twin, it is diploid. If it has attached sister chromatids, it is duplicated.

68
Q

Homologous chromosomes:

A

Twin chromosomes (can be duplicated or not)

69
Q

Genotype:

A

Ordered list of alleles carried by a gene

70
Q

Allele:

A

Particular form of a gene

71
Q

What is a bivalent?

A

Homologous chromosomes hanging out together

72
Q

What important, unique things happen in Prophase I of meiosis?

A

Formation of bivalents, crossing over

73
Q

Slide prep for chive flower bud:

A
  1. Two medium-sized buds
  2. Two drops of stain
  3. CHOP!
  4. Drag clumps aside
  5. Coverslip
74
Q

Haploid generation of plant life cycle:

A

Gametophyte. Produces gametes.

75
Q

Diploid generation of plant life cycle:

A

Sporophyte. Produces spores.

76
Q

Site of meiosis in sporophytes:

77
Q

Sorus (pl. sori):

A

Brown spots that develop under mature fern leaves

78
Q

Rhizome:

A

Horizontal underground stem of fern - bears roots

79
Q

___ undergo meiosis to form spores.

A

Sporocytes

80
Q

During which parts of the plant life cycle is it haploid?

A

Between spore formation to fertilization of archegonium

81
Q

Prothallus:

A

Fern gametophyte - heart-shaped plant that develops fine, root-like rhizoids

Bio 120 lab (2 decks)

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