LAB TEST 1

Question 1

What is the exchange rate of the Na/K pump?

Answer 1

3 Na out and 2 K in

Question 2

The resting membrane potential is defined as…

Answer 2

The difference in charge between the intra and extracellular membrane of a cell, a maintained state of polarization

Question 3

Difference between leaky and gated channels:

Answer 3

Leaky: open all the time
Gated: need to be stimulated chemically, mechanically, electrically to open

Question 4

What ion is most permeable in neurons and why?

Answer 4

Potassium because there are more potassium leaky channels

Question 5

At rest, the concentration in a neuron of Na is high ____ the cell and the concentration of K is high ____
(out/in)

Answer 5

Out
In

Question 6

Name the 6 stages of the AP

Answer 6

Resting, stimulus, threshold, depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization, (resting)

Question 7

What triggers the K+ channels closing after repolarization?

Answer 7

The hyperpolarization phase

Question 8

When does the relative refractory period happen?

Answer 8

At the start of the hyperpolarization phase until resting

Question 9

Which factors create faster axonal conduction? (why?)

Answer 9

Myelination (insulation + Saltatory)
Larger diameter (less resistance)

Question 10

Why would increasing the extracelllar K+ reduce net diffusion?

Answer 10

Smaller concentration gradient

Question 11

Why lidocaine and not TTX as anaesthetic?

Answer 11

TTX is irreversible blockage of voltage gated sodium channels

Question 12

What are the cheek bones?

Answer 12

Zygomatic, temporal

Question 13

What two bones connect to form the jaw?

Answer 13

Mandible and temporal

Question 14

What are the three bones on the palate of the mouth?

Answer 14

Maxilla, palatine, vomer

Question 15

On the base of the cranial cavity, name the parts anterior to posterior

Answer 15

Ethmoid bone, frontal, sphenoid, sella turcica, temporal, occipital

Question 16

What is the hole called in the base of the cranial cavity (bones)

Answer 16

Foramen magnum

Question 17

Describe the shape and names of the temporal bone

Answer 17

Flat squamous part with a protruding zygomatic process toward the cheek.
Below the base of the zygomatic process Is the external acoustic meatus and the mandibular fossa.
The bottom of the temporal bone consists of the petrous part, the mastoid process, tympanic part with the styloid process.

Question 18

What do the ethmoid and sphenoid bones look like?

Answer 18

Ethmoid: an angel with two long narrow gaps for the olfactory nerve
Sphenoid bone: butterfly

Question 19

What are the 4 sinuses from top to bottom

Answer 19

Frontal sinus
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
Maxillary

Question 20

What are the 5 regions of the vertebrae with their number of vertebrae

Answer 20

Cervical 8
Thoracic 12
Lumbar 5
Sacrum 5
Coccyx 1

Question 21

When does the spinal cord end?

Answer 21

L1-L2

Question 22

Describe what the following look like
Atlas, axis
Cervical v
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacrum
Coccyx

Answer 22

Eye with 2 flat circles
Upside down heart with pointy part
Skinny processes
Thick round processes
Big flat plate
Cobra neck
Little T bone

Question 23

In the cross section of the top of the head, where CSF is found, name the parts from superficial to deep

Answer 23

Skin, parietal bone, dura matter, superior sagittal sinus, arachnoid villi, arachnoid matter, subarachnoid space, Pia matter, flax cerebri

Question 24

Name the parts of the vertebrae
Which are the meninges?

Answer 24

Epidural
Dural*
Subdural
Arachnoid*
Subarachnoid
Pia*