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BACTERIOLOGY LAB > LAB SAFETY SPECIMEN CONTROL OF MICROBIAL > Flashcards

LAB SAFETY SPECIMEN CONTROL OF MICROBIAL Flashcards

PPT and Discussion based

1
Q

Working area must be cleaned with ___
before and after laboratory exercises

A

1:10 dilution of 5% Sodium hypochlorite

In addition, table tops and sinks must be kept dry before leaving the bacteriology laboratory

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2
Q

Any spillage of infectious agents must be flooded and cleaned with

A

1:5 dilution of 5% Sodium Hypochlorite

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3
Q

If bleach is unavailable a similar disinfectant can be used instead

A

Diluted lysol solution

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4
Q

For infectious and contaminated materials such as used cotton, tissue, gloves, culture media, and used disposable petri dishes

A

Yellow plastic bag

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5
Q

Noninfectious dry materials

A

Black plastic bag

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6
Q

Noninfectious wet materials

A

Green plastic bag

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7
Q

Contaminated sharps like needles

A

Red puncture proof

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8
Q

Routes of infection in the microbiology laboratory

A

Airborne
Ingestion
Direct inoculation
Mucous membrane contact
Arthropod vectors

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9
Q

May form during centrifugation of unstoppered tubes or from heating cultures or specimens too rapidly (sterilization of inoculating loops in bunsen burner flame)

Removing stoppers from tubes

Leakage from a container that holds contaminated specimens

A

Aerosols (Airborne)

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10
Q

Infection may occur as a result of failure to wash hands or eating, drinking, smoking, applying cosmetics, or pipetting with the mouth

Route of entry: Mouth

A

Ingestion

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11
Q

Infection may result from needlesticks, broken glass, animal bites, or small scratches on the fingers

A

Direct inoculation

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12
Q

Infection may occur if the organism can directly enter through the mucous membranes, such as the conjunctiva of the eye

A

Mucous membrane contact

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13
Q

Infectious sources include ticks, fleas, mosquitos, which may harbor various microorganisms

A

Arthropod vectors

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14
Q

Orientation and continuing education for employees
Safety manual - policy and procedures

A

Safety education

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15
Q

By CDC 1987
Set of preventive measures designed to reduce the risk of HIV, HBV and other bloodborne pathogens in the health care setting

A

Universal Precautions

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16
Q

Combination of Universal precautions and PPE that minimizes risk of transmission

A

Standard precautions

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17
Q

All human blood, body fluids, secretions and excretions (except sweat) are considered potentially infectious

A

Standard precautions

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18
Q

Apply to all human blood and all other body fluids that contain visible blood

A

Universal precautions

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19
Q

devices that isolate or remove a hazard

A

Engineering controls

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20
Q

Examples of engineering controls

A

Sharps disposal containers
Self-sheathing needles (has built in safety figure that covers sharp)
Sharps with engineered sharps injury protections
Needless systems
Chemical fume hoods
Splash guards
Barriers
Biologic safety cabinets
Monitoring devices
Safety interlocks

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21
Q

Encloses a workspace in such a way as to protect workers from aerosol exposure to infectious agent diseases

A

Biosafety Cabinet

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22
Q

Air that contains the infectious material is sterilized by heat, UV light or by passage through a HEPA filter

A

Biosafety cabinet

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23
Q

Allow room (unsterilized) air to pass into the cabinet and around the area and material within, sterilizing only the air to be exhausted

A

BSC Class 1

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24
Q

Only protects users and environment but not sample

A

BSC Class 1

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25
Q

Cleaned by exposure to uv

A

BSC Class 1

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26
Q

Sterilize air that flows over the infectious material as well as air to be exhausted

A

BSC Class 2

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27
Q

Self contained and 70% of the air is recirculated into the work area

A

BSC Class 2 Type A

(remaining 30% is through outside/environment)

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28
Q

Discharged outside the building
100% of air is distributed to the environment
Higher level of safety

A

BSC Class 2 Type B

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29
Q

Can operate either as a type A cabinet when in recirculating mode or a type B cabinet when exhausting

A

BSC Class 2 Type C

(yung may installed gloves sa loob)

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30
Q

Completely enclosed, with negative pressure, leak-tight construction and attached rubber gloves

A

BSC Class 3

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31
Q

Drawn through HEPA filters

A

Supply Air

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32
Q

Treated with either double HEPA filtration or HEPA filtration and incineration

A

Exhaust air

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33
Q
A
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34
Q

Laboratory coats, shoe covers, gowns, gloves and eye protection

A

Personal Protective Equipment

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35
Q

No known pathogenic potential for immunocompetent individuals

A

BSL 1

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36
Q

No known pathogenic potential for immunocompetent individuals

A

BSL 1

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37
Q

Typical examples include Bacillus subtillis.
Most undergraduate laboratory courses operate under this BSL

A

BSL 1

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38
Q

Precaution include adherence to standard laboratory techniques

A

BSL 1

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39
Q

Level 1 practices plus laboratory coats, protective gloves, limited access, decontamination of all infectious waste and biohazard warning signs

A

BSL 2

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40
Q

Apparatus includes partial containment equipment procedure (such as classes I and II biological safety cabinets) when procedures may lead to the production of infectious aerosols.

A

BSL 2

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41
Q

This category includes the most common microorganisms associated with laboratory acquired infections including HBV, HIV, Staphylococcus, and enteric pathogens such as Salmonella and Shigella

A

BSL 2

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42
Q

Level 2 procedures plus special laboratory clothing and controlled access are recommended for handling clinical material suspected of containing Mycobacterium tubercolosis, Brucella, Coccidiodes immitis, Rickettsia and specific viruses such as arbovirus

A

BSL 3

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43
Q

The air movement must be carefully controlled to contain the infectious materials

A

BSL 3

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44
Q

Level 3 practices plus entrance through a separate room in which street clothing is changed and replaced with laboratory clothing

A

BSL 4

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45
Q

Maximum containment includes the use of a class II biological safety cabinet and the decontamination of all personnel and materials before leaving the area

A

BSL 4

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46
Q

This level is primarily used in research facilities and includes a limited number of exotic viruses including filovirus and arenavirus

A

BSL 4

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47
Q

Handling of hazardous waste

A

Sterilization
Disinfection
Decontamination

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48
Q

Process that kills all forms of microbial life, including bacterial endospores

A

Sterilization

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49
Q

Process that destroys pathogenic organisms but not necessarily all microorganisms, endospores or prions

A

Disinfection

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50
Q

Removal of pathogenic microorganisms so items are safe to handle or dispose

A

Decontamination

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51
Q

Factors influencing the degree of killing

A

Types of organisms
Number of organisms
Concentration/compatability of disifectant
Presence of organic material
Nature of surface to be disinfected
Contact time
Temperature
pH
Biofilm

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52
Q

Patient samples, Cultures/plated media, sharps in puncture-proof containers, other contaminated items in the lab

A

Biohazardous wastes

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53
Q

All microbiological wastes must be ____ prior to disposal

A

Decontaminated prior to disposal

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54
Q

Place biohazardous wastes in ___

A

2 leak-proof plastic bags

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55
Q

Place contaminated pipettes, swabs, sharps, and glass in

A

Puncture-proof resistant containers

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56
Q

Appropriate sterilization technique

A

Autoclave

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57
Q

All accidents must be reported immediately to the laboratory safety officer/lab supervisor
Immediate medical care
Do proper documentation and prepare incident report (Needlestick injury requires appropriate investiagtion, prophylaxis)
Review the events of exposure/accidents for corrective actions and to prevent further occurence

A

Post-exposure plan

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58
Q

RACE meaning

A

R= Rescue individuals in danger
A=Alarm; activate the fire alarm
C=Confine the fire by closing all doors and windows
E=Extinguish the fire with the nearest suitable fire extinguisher

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59
Q

Use of fume hood
Instruments, appliances must be checked for hazards at least once every 12 months

A

Fire safety

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60
Q

Flammables and combustibles should be stored in

A

Safety cabinets/safety cans
(Should not be stored in refrigerators or within corridors)

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61
Q

Avoid the use of extension cords
Do not attempt to make repairs to equipment if you are not trained to do so
Do not handle electrical equipment with wet hands or when standing on a wet floor
Do not overload electrical circuits
Do not touch electrical equipment in patient rooms especially when in the process of drawing blood

A

Electrical safety

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62
Q

Inspect cords and plugs for breaks and fraying
Make certain all electrical cords have three-pong plugs and that the third pong (grounding pong) is functional
Know the location of the circuit breaker box
Unplug and do not use equipment that is malfunctioning
Unplug equipment that has liquid spilled in it.
Do not plug in again until the spill has been cleaned up and you are certain the wiring is dry
Unplug equipment when you are servicing it, including when you are replacing a light bulb

A

Electrical safety

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63
Q

Inspect cords and plugs for breaks and fraying
Make certain all electrical cords have three-pong plugs and that the third pong (grounding pong) is functional
Know the location of the circuit breaker box
Unplug and do not use equipment that is malfunctioning
Unplug equipment that has liquid spilled in it.
Do not plug in again until the spill has been cleaned up and you are certain the wiring is dry
Unplug equipment when you are servicing it, including when you are replacing a light bulb

A

Electrical safety

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64
Q

Safety showers and eyewash stations
Use Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)
Use of PPE
Chemical spill SOP

A

Chemical Safety

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65
Q

Refer to the max limits that a worker can continuously exposed to a chemical up to 15mins without danger

A

Short-term exposure limits

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66
Q

All hazardous materials
Proper storage and groupings
always wear protective clothing
Always use proper chemical cleanup materials when cleaning up chemical spills

A

Chemical Safety

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67
Q

Never store chemicals above eye level
Never add water to acid
Never indiscriminately mix chemicals together
Never store chemicals in unlabeled containers
Never pour chemicals into dirty containers previously used to store other chemicals
Never use chemicals in ways other than intended use

A

General rules for chemical safety

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68
Q

Collection prior to administration of antibiotics

A

Collect specimen in the Acute phase (Early phase) oof the infeciton

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69
Q

Basic principles: Specimen collection

A

Collect specimen in the acute phase of the infection
Properly labeled specimens and accompanied by a laboratory request
Provide specific instructions on how to collect specimens to patients and other healthcare personnel

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70
Q

Normal flora may be possible contaminants

(Sites of normal flora: skin, cuts, guts)

A

Avoid contamination

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71
Q

Anatomic site and manner of collection:

A

Clean and leak proof containers
Use of sterile containers except in stool

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72
Q

Swabs are primarily for

A

Aerobic bacteria

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73
Q

Aspirates are primarily for

A

Anaerobic bacteria

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74
Q

Provide exact anatomic site
Cleanse the area prior to collection
Collect at the margin (swabs)
Place material into appropriate tube/vial

A

Lesions, Wounds, Abscesses

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75
Q

Superficial wounds

A

Swab

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76
Q

Deep wound

A

Aspirate

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77
Q

Appropriate for recovery of aerobic organisms

A

Swabs

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78
Q

Types of swabs

A

Dacron, Calcium Alginate, Rayon
Viral culture
Flexible swab
Shaft

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79
Q

Swab for bacterial culture

A

Dacron, Calcium Alginate, Rayon

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80
Q

Swab for viral culture

A

Cotton and Dacron

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81
Q

Nasopharyngeal swab

A

Flexible swab

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82
Q

Nasopharyngeal swab

A

Flexible swab

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83
Q

Plastic or wooden material

A

Shaft

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84
Q

Swabs are appropriate for the following:

A

Upper respiratory tract (throat cultures, nasopharyngeal cultures, nasal)
Urogenital swabs
External Ear, Eyes

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85
Q

Throat cultures Swab

A

isolation of Group A streptococcus

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86
Q

For diagnosis of pertussis, middle ear infections, carrier state of S. aureus, N. meningitidis, H. influenzae

A

Nasopharyngeal cultures

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87
Q

Gonococcal urethritis, Vaginosis, Vaginitis

A

Urogenital swabs

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88
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Swabs should be collected in duplicates

A

TRUE

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89
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Swabs are generally for aerobic culture only

A

TRUE

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90
Q

Generally must be sterile

A

Urne

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91
Q

Generally must be sterile

A

Urine

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92
Q

UTI - Infections

A

Cystitis, urethritis, pyelonephritis, pyelitis, glomerulonephiritis

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93
Q

Urine

Etiologic agents

A

E. coli and other members of Enterics (Proteus, enterobacter, Klebsiella)
Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, S. saprophyticus

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94
Q

Preferred Urine specimens

A

Clean catch midstream

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95
Q

Other urine specimens

A

Straight catheterized urine, suprapubic aspirates, collection during cytoscopy

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96
Q

Other urine specimens

A

Straight catheterized urine, suprapubic aspirates, collection during cytoscopy
Avoid random voided urine and foley catheters

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97
Q

Other specimens collected

A

First morning
Random
Clean catch midstream urine specimen
Catheterized
Plastic bag collection
Suprapubic aspiration

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98
Q

Clean external genitalia; begin voiding; after several mL have passed, collect midstream without stopping flow of urine

A

Clean catch midstream

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99
Q

Clean urethral area, insert catheter and allow 15mL to pass; collect remainder

A

Catheter

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100
Q

Colony count of 100,000 CFU/ml and above is indicative of

A

UTI

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101
Q

For diagnosis of lower respiratory tract infections (bacterial pneumonia, PTB)

A

Sputum

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102
Q

Proper collection of sputum

A

Essential (5-10ml)
Expectorated
Induced
Gastric contents (children)

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103
Q

Collect 2 specimens of sputum for this

A

Pulmonary tubercolosis

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104
Q

Other specimens for PTB

A

Transtracheal aspirate, BAL, Bronchial washings

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105
Q

For other infections of Sputum

A

Early morning specimen

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106
Q

For other infections of Sputum

A

Early morning specimen

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107
Q

Sputum

Microscopic examination

A

Gram stain

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108
Q

Bartlett’s Classification

A

> 25 leukocytes/LPF (More leukocytes)
< 10 epithelial cells/LPF (More than 10, less than 25)

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109
Q

Bartlett’s Classification Number of neutrophils per low-power field

Grade 0

A

Fewer than 10

110
Q

Bartlett’s classification Number of neutrophils per low-power field

Grade +1

111
Q

Bartlett’s classification Number of neutrophils per low power field

Grade +2

A

Greater than 25

112
Q

Bartlett’s classification number of epithelial cells per low power field

Grade -1

113
Q

Bartlett’s classification
Number of neutrophils per low power field

Grade +1

114
Q

Bartlett’s classification number of epithelial cells per low power field

Grade -2

A

Greather than 25

115
Q

Scores of 0 or less indicate :

A

Lack of inflammation or presence of saliva

116
Q

Specimen of choice for the diagnosis of gastrointestinal pathogens

117
Q

May be used if stool is present on the swab during sample collection ; must process immediately or use transport media

A

Rectal swabs

118
Q

Pathogens: C. jejuni; Salmonella’ Shigella; E. coli (EHEC;ETEC;EPEC;EIEC); Vibrio; Y. enterocolitica, L. monocytogenes, C. difficile, MAC

A

Stool pathogens

119
Q

Diagnosis of fever of unknown origin

A

Blood

(Septicemia, Bacteremia, Thypoid fever, SBE)

120
Q

Blood is collected

A

Before and right after fever spike; 2-3 cultures laced in an hour apart

121
Q

Collection of blood

A

Venipuncture

122
Q

Collection of blood sites

A

2 to 3 different sites (left and right) within 24 hours

123
Q

Volume of blood in adults

124
Q

Blood volume in pediatrics

A

1-20 ml (1-5ml)

125
Q

Blood:Media ratio

126
Q

Blood Media of choice

A

Broth (BHI, TSB, Biphasic Media, Thioglycollate, Broth, Commercially available bottles)
Isolate

127
Q

Blood anticoagulant

A

SPS (0.025-0.030%)

128
Q

Other anticoagulants

A

Heparin, Sodium amylosulfate, sodium citrate

129
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

DO NOT USE EDTA

130
Q

Includes abdominal fluid, amniotic fluid, ascitic fluid, bile, synovial fluid, pleural fluid, pericardial fluid

A

Body fluids

131
Q

Body fluids are collected by

A

Needle aspiration

132
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Disinfect the site prior to aspiration
133
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Disinfect the site prior to aspiration
134
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Place immediately in culture media

135
Q

GASTRIC SPECIMENS

Use of gastric tubes such as

A

Levine and Rehfuss tubes

136
Q

For the diagnosis of meningitis or meningoencephalitis

A

Cerebrospinal Fluid CSF

137
Q

CSF Agents

A

H. influenzae, N. meningitidis, S. pneumoniae, S. agalactiae, Listeria

138
Q

CSF Agents

A

H. influenzae, N. meningitidis, S. pneumoniae, S. agalactiae, Listeria

139
Q

Collection of CSF

A

Lumbar tap (3rd-4th Lumbar Vertebra)

140
Q

How many tubes for CSF

A

3
1st for chemistry
2nd for microbiology
3rd for Cytology

141
Q

Volume of CSF

142
Q

Volume of CSF

143
Q

CSF should be processed

A

immediately

144
Q

Two types of biopsy

A

Excisional
Incisional

145
Q

No leaking containers
Do not accept specimens with attached needles
Containers should be placed in a leakproof plastic container

146
Q

Aspirates should be placed in a

A

Container with tight lid or in an anaerobic transport system

147
Q

Ideal time for specimen transport

A

30 mins

(up to 2 hours)

148
Q

If specimen cannot be transported immediately

A

Specimens must be added with preservatives, anticoagulants, or placed in a transport culture/media

149
Q

Preservatives

A

Boric Acid
Refrigeration

150
Q

Cary Blair
Stuarts or Amies
JEMBEC Media
Gonopak

A

Transport media/holding media- maintains viability

151
Q

Anticoagulants

A

0.025%-0.03% Sodium plyanethol sulfonate (Liquid)
Heparin

152
Q

Antiphagocytic, anticomplementary
May inhibit some antimicrobials (aminoglycosides)
May inhibit certain bacteria such as: Neisseria, Gardenerella vaginalis, sterptobacillus moniliformis, and peptostreptococcus anaerobius)

A

0.025%-0.03% Sodium Polyanethol Sulfonate

153
Q

Storage temperature for:

Catheter tips, CSF for viruses, outer ear swab, unpreserved feces and urine, feces (for isolation of Clostridiodes difficle toxin), sputum, swabs

A

Refrigerator temperature (4 degree celsius)

154
Q

Storage temperature for:

CSF for bacteria, abscess, lesion, wound, body fluids, inner ear, preserved urine and stools, nasal specimens, tissue

A

Ambient/Room temperature (22 degree celsisus)

155
Q

Storage temperature for

CSF

A

Body temperature (37 degree celsius)

156
Q

Storage temperature for:

Serum for serology
Long term storage

A

Freezer temperature
Serum for serology -20c
long term storage -70c

157
Q

Unacceptable and rejected specimens (Suboptimal specimens)

A

Request and specimen mismatch
impr transport container
QNS
Unpreserved specimens (>2 hours)
Fixed specimens
Improper collection
Sputum is (>10 epith/LPO. <25 WBC/LPO Bartletts classification)

158
Q

Specimen priority level 1

A

Clinical/ Invasive

159
Q

Specimen prority level 1

A

CSF, amniotic fluid, blood, pericardial fluid

160
Q

Specimen priority level 2

A

unpreserved

161
Q

Specimen priority level 2

A

Feces, sputum, tissue

162
Q

Specimen priority level 3

A

Quantitation required

163
Q

Specimen priority level 3

A

Urine, tissue for quantification

164
Q

Specimen priority level 4

165
Q

Specimen priority level 4

A

Feces in perservative
urine in preservative
swabs in holding/transport medium

166
Q

Specimen priority level 5

A

Batch processing

167
Q

Specimen priority level 5

A

Sputum/AFB Culture

168
Q

Incubation condition

18-24 hours at 37 degrees C

A

usual incubation time for most bacteria; AFB

169
Q

incubation conditions

42 degree c

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Campylobacter jejuni

170
Q

4 degrees C (Cold enrichment medium)

A

Listeria monocytogenes, Yersinia enterocolitica

171
Q

4 degrees C (Cold enrichment medium)

A

Listeria monocytogenes, Yersinia enterocolitica

172
Q

Ambient air 21% oxygen

A

Aerobic bacteria e.g P. aeruginos

173
Q

USe of anaerobic jars such as Gas-pak, Brewer Jar, Glove box method, biobag system

A

Anaerobic eg. Fusobacteirum, Bacteroides, Clostridium

174
Q

Facultative anaerobes

175
Q

Capnophiles (growth in 5-10% carbon dioxide; use of candle jar)

A

Capnophiles

176
Q

Reduced oxygen (5-6%)

A

Microaeropiles
e.g Campylobacter jejuni, Helicobacter pylori

177
Q

Incubation time for Aerobic bacteria

A

21% oxygen, 0.03% CO2

178
Q

Incubation time for anaerobe

179
Q

Incubation time for Capnophiles

A

5-10% CO2; 15% Oxygen

180
Q

Incubation time for Microaerophiles

A

5-6% or 5-10% oxygen

181
Q

Panic values / Critical results that should be reported immediately

A

+ Blood culture
+ CSF Gram stain or culture
S.pyogenes in surgical wound
Gr staining suggestive of gas gangrene
+ Blood smear for malaria
+ Cryptococcal Antigen Test
+ AFS
Detection of select agents sucha s brucella or other significant pathogen

182
Q

Factors affecting microbial growth

A

Type of organism
Microbial load
Concentration of agent to be used
Presence of Organic material
Nature of surface to be disinfected
Contact time
Temperature
pH
Compatability of disinfectants

183
Q

Factors affecting microbial growth

A

Type of organism
Microbial load
Concentration of agent to be used
Presence of organic material
Nature of surface to be disinfected
Contact time
Temperature
pH
Compatability of disinfectants

184
Q

Refers to the absence of microbes in an area or object

185
Q

Refers to methods employed to prevent entry of organisms into the body as well into test tubes, flasks or plates used in microbial cultivation

A

Aseptic technique

186
Q

Invoves chemical disinfection of living tissues as well as treatment of wounds

A

Antisepsis

187
Q

Chemical agent employed in Antisepsis

A

Antiseptic

188
Q

A condition in which microbial growth and multiplication is halted or inhibited

A

Bacteriostasis

189
Q

Microorgannism is not killed or destroyed in the process

A

Bacteriostasis

190
Q

Bacteriostatic methods

A

Use of refrigeration as well as dyes

191
Q

Chemical sterilants used to destroy all forms of life
Also known as chemical sterilants

192
Q

Microorganisms inadvertently introduced to specimens or bacterial culture

A

Contaminant

193
Q

Process of removal of pathogenic microorganisms so materials/items are safe to handle or dispose

A

Decontamination

194
Q

Removal of transient microorganisms from the skin using mechanical cleansing or antiseptics

195
Q

Process of destruction of pathogenic microorganisms except spores, prions and other microorganisms

A

Disinfection

196
Q

Reduction of pathogens on eating utensils to safe public health levels by mechanical cleansingor use of chemicals

A

Sanitization

197
Q

Destruction of all forms of life including bacterial spores

A

Sterilization

198
Q

lowest temperature in which all bacteria in a liquid culture will be killed in 10 minutes

A

Thermal death point

199
Q

minimal length of time in which all bacteria in a liquid suspension will be killed at a given temperature

A

Thermal death time

200
Q

Physical methods: Heat

A

Heat
Dry heat
Open flame
Incineration
Moist heat
Boiling
Pasteurization
Tynadallization
Inspissation

201
Q

Most commonly used method
Cheap, economical, and reliable

202
Q

Principle: Oxidation
Longer exposure time and higher temperatures

203
Q

Hot Air Oven

A

Sterilize glasswares

204
Q

Hot Air Oven

A

Sterilize glasswares

205
Q

Temperature requirements for hot air oven

A

160-180C for 1.5-3 hours

206
Q

Open flame

Bunsen burner:

A

Flame sterilization

207
Q

For sterilization of incoulating loops, needles, mouth of tubes

A

Open flame

208
Q

Incinerator
For disposal of hospital waste (infectious)
Now outlawed: RA 8749 Clean air act of 1999

A

Incineration

209
Q

Principle: Coagulation of proteins
More effective than dry heat
Shorter time of exposure
Sterilization method of choice for heat stable objects

A

Moist Heat/ Heat under steam pressure

210
Q

121C, 15psi (1atm) for 15 minutes
All microorganisms are killed except prions

211
Q

Form of disinfection
Doesnt kill spores
100C for 10-15 minutes

212
Q

Eliminates food borne pathogens responsible for food spoilage
Reduces food spoilage without affecting taste

A

Pasteurization

213
Q

Pasteurization Batch method

A

63C for 30 minutes

214
Q

Pasteurization Flash Method

A

72C for 15 seconds

215
Q

Pasteurization High tempt short time

A

72C-140C then 72C for <5sec

216
Q

flowing steam
fractiona
intermittent
100C for 30 mins for 3 days
Arnold’s sterilizer

A

Tyndallization

217
Q

flowing steam
fractiona
intermittent
100C for 30 mins for 3 days
Arnold’s sterilizer

A

Tyndallization

218
Q

For sterilization of high protein media
75-80C for 2 hours on 3 consecutive days

A

Inspissation

219
Q

Separation of bacteria from liquids or air

A

Filtration

220
Q

Filtration of liquids through: Berkefeld

A

Diatomaceous earth

221
Q

Filtration of liquids through: Morton

A

Sintered glass

222
Q

Filtration of liquids through: Seitz

A

Asbestoos pad

223
Q

Filtration of liquids through: Chamberland-Pasteur

A

unglazed porcelain

224
Q

Filtration of liquids through: Membrane filters

A

Cellulose esters

225
Q

For critical sterilization

A

0.22um filter must be used

226
Q

Sterilization of heat sensitive solution

A

Uses of liquid filtration

227
Q

Filtration of air through

A

HEPA (High Efficiency Particulate Air Filters)

228
Q

Able to remove organisms >0.3um
Uses: laboratory hoods, rooms of immunodeficient patients

229
Q

Radiation can either be

A

Ionizing or Non Ionizing

230
Q

MOA of Radiation

A

Alkylation of nucleic acid

231
Q

Gamma rays or electron beams
short wavelength but high energy
Sterilization of disposable materials in the medical industry

232
Q

UV rays
long wavelength but low energy
poor penetration
disinfection of surfaces

A

Non ionizing

233
Q

Dehydration
Removal of water to stop metabolic action of bacteria

A

Dessication

234
Q

through Plasmolysis
high concentrations of sugar/salts

A

High Osmotic pressuer

235
Q

Exposuer to low temperature

A

Bacteriostatic

236
Q

Cold sterilization
Gas chamber (450-700mg/L), 55-60C
Minimum time: 2 hours
Principle: Alkylation of nucleic acids

A

Ethylene Oxide (gasesous chemicals)

237
Q

shorter contact time of killing

A

Hydrogen peroxide and periacetic acid (Gaseous chemicals)

238
Q

Mode of action: protein denaturation and lipid dissolution
70% Ethanol

239
Q

Mode of action: Alkylation of nucleic acids and protein denaturation
2% Glutaraldehyde: Disinfectant
40% Formalin

240
Q

MOA: Cytoplasmic membrane destruction
Uses: commonly used antiseptic in surgery

A

Chlorohexidine

241
Q

MOA: oxidation of cellular components and protein denaturation

242
Q

Forms: Tincture or iodophores

243
Q

Alcohol and iodine solutios for antiseptics

244
Q

Iodine plus a neutral polymer carrier
must be diluted
preferable
ex. povidone-iodine (betadine)

245
Q

One of the oldest and common disinfectants
In the form of hypochlorite (not used as sterilants)

246
Q

Dilution of chlorine

A

1:10 dilution of 5.25%

247
Q

Water sterilization

A

Addition of bleach (2-3 drops) in 1 liter of water (30 minutes)

248
Q

Water sterilization

Adition of chlorine in swimming pools and in drinking water

A

Copper sulfate pentahydrate

249
Q

Water sterilization

Collection for water testing

A

Add Sodium Thiosulfate

250
Q

Rarely used, bacteriostatic
Mode of action: Protein and enzyme inactivation

A

Heavy metals

251
Q

Mercury

A

merthiolate

252
Q

Mercury

A

merthiolate

253
Q

Silver

A

1% Silver nitrate (Crede’s phrophylaxis)

254
Q

Copper

A

Copper sulfate- anti-algae

255
Q

Mode of action: Oxidation of cellular components

A

Oxidizing agents
Hydrogen peroxide
Ozone

256
Q

Mode of action: protein denaturation, cell membrane and enzyme inactivation
Chemically substituted phenol compounds
Less toxic and more effective

A

Phenolic compounds

257
Q

Examples: ortho-phenylphenol and ortho-benzyl-para-chlorophenol
Uses: hospital and institutional disinfection

A

Phenolic compounds

258
Q

Mode of action: Interruption of electron transport, enzyme inhibition and membrane destruction
Effective against Gr(+)
Residual effect
TOXIC

A

Hexachlorophene

259
Q

Mode of action: cell wall disruption and enzyme inactivation
Effective against Gr(+)
Not affected by organic compounds

A

Chloroxylenol

260
Q

MOA: Protein denaturation and cell membrane destruction
Surface active agents; reduce surface tension
Inactivated by organic compounds and hard water

A

QUATS: Quaternary ammonium compounds

261
Q

Mode of action: protein denaturation and cell membrane destruction
Surface active agents; reduce surface tension
inactivated by organic compounds and hard water

A

QUATS: Quaternary Ammonium Compounds

262
Q

Moa: protein denaturation and cell membrande destruction
Surface active agents; reduce surface tension
inactivated by organic compounds and hard water

A

QUATS: Quaternary Ammonium compounds

263
Q

Ex. Benzalkonim Cl (Zephiran), Cetylperidium Chloride

A

QUATS : Quaternary Ammonium Compounds

264
Q

Resistant to Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- Sputum decontamination

A

QUATS : Quaternary Ammonium Compounds

265
Q

Mechanical action by rubbing and scrubbing
-possess antibacterial ingridients such as triclocarbon or triclosan

A

SOAP and DETERGENTS

266
Q

How to check the effectiveness of physical methods

A

Through the use of spore strips

267
Q

Bacillus subilis var. niger

A

Hot-air oven

268
Q

Bacillus subtilis var. globigii

A

Ethylene Gas

269
Q

Bacillus pumilus

A

Ionizing Radiation

270
Q

Geobacillus stearothermophilus / Bacillus stearothermophilus

271
Q

Determination of Phenol coefficient

A

Effectiveness of chemical methods

BACTERIOLOGY LAB (1 decks)

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