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A&P LAB > LAB quiz #4 > Flashcards

LAB quiz #4 Flashcards

1
Q

Contents of Endocrine system?

A

Pituitary gland, pineal gland, testicle, adrenal gland, thymus, thyroid, pancreas, and ovary.

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2
Q

Function of Endocrine System?

A
  • functions in integration of body cells by working with the nervous system
  • second major control system of the body
  • maintenance of homeostasis
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3
Q

Glands

A

a group of cells or an organ that produces a secretion for use in the body or surrounding

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4
Q

Hormones

A

long-distance chemical messengers that travel through either the blood or lymph

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5
Q

Target cells

A

cells within an organ that respond to a
particular hormone

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6
Q

2 classes of hormones

A
  1. amino acid based
  2. steroid
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7
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • the major controller of endocrine glands
  • coordinates the autonomic nervous system and anterior pituitary
  • controls homeostatic systems ( temp., thirst, hunger, etc.)
  • involved in sleep and emotion control
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8
Q

Pituitary gland

A

aka hypophysis

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9
Q

Anterior Pituitary

A
  • Secretes a number of hormones
  • Controls the activity of many other endocrine glands
  • Sometimes called the mater endocrine glands
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10
Q

Posterior Pituitary

A
  • not technically an endocrine gland because it does
    not synthesize its own hormones
  • Acts as a storage unit for 2 neurohormones
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11
Q

Endocrine Glands

A
  • pineal
  • thyroid
  • parathyroid
  • thymus
  • adrenal gland
  • pancreas
  • the gonads(ovaries & testes)
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12
Q

Pineal Gland

A
  • Peaks at night making us drowsy
  • Lowest at noon
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13
Q

Thyroid Gland

A
  • regulates growth and development via metabolic rate
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14
Q

Parathyroid Gland

A
  • regulates body’s calcium levels
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15
Q

Thymus

A
  • Involved in the development of T lymphocytes and
    the immune response
  • Begins to atrophy at puberty & is inconspicuous by
    old age
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16
Q

Adrenal Glands

A
  • Release a hormone mix of epinephrine and
    norepinephrine
  • The hormones released act with the sympathetic
    nervous to produce the fight or flight response
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17
Q

Pancreas

A
  • Functions as an endocrine gland and an
    exocrine gland
  • Produces digestive enzymes
  • Also produces insulin and glucagon involved in
    blood sugar level regulation
18
Q

The Gonads

A

The endocrine and exocrine functions of the gonads begin at the onset of puberty

19
Q

Ovaries

A
  • Female gonads
  • Produces the steroid hormones estrogen and
    progesterone
  • These hormones promote the development of the female
    reproductive organs, secondary sex characteristics, and
    regulate the menstrual cycle
20
Q

Testes

A
  • Male gonads
  • Produce testosterone
  • This hormone promotes the development of the male
    reproductive organs, secondary sex characteristics, sperm production, and sex drive
21
Q

Endocrine Disorders

A

Result from either hyposecretion or hypersecretion of a specific hormone

22
Q

growth hormone disorder

A

hyposecretion: pituitary dwarfism
hypopersecretiton: gigantism, acromegaly

23
Q

Antidiuretic hormone(ADH) disorder

A

Hyposecretion: diabetes insipidus
hypersecretion: Syndrome of
inappropriate ADH
secretion

24
Q

Insulin disorder

A

hyposecretion: diabetes mellitus
hypersecretion: hypoglycemia

25
Q

The digestive system

A
  • Provides body with essential nutrients,
    water, and electrolytes
  • Digestive organs function to ingest,
    digest, and absorb food and also
    eliminate the undigested foo
26
Q

Digestion

A
  • the breakdown of ingested food into smaller, diffusible molecules
27
Q

Absorption

A
  • when digested food molecules pass through epithelial cells lining the tract into the blood for distribution to the body’s cell
28
Q

Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract

A
  • mouth
  • pharynx
  • esophagus
  • stomach
  • small intestine
  • large intestine
29
Q

Accessory Organs

A
  • pancreas
  • liver
  • gallbladder
  • teeth
  • salivary glands
30
Q

Mouth

A

food enters the digestive tract through the oral cavity( mouth)
- contains the tongue, teeth, openings of the salivary gland ducts, and more
- lips and cheeks help hold food between the teeth during chewing
- tongue manipulates food during chewing and initiates swallowing

31
Q

Pharynx

A

the pharynx is common passageway or food, fluid, and air
Divided into 3 parts:
- Nasopharynx: behind the nasal cavity
- Oropharynx: behind the oral cavity
(mouth)
- Laryngopharynx: behind the larynx
- Food enters the oropharynx through the
oral cavity after mastication (chewing)
- This initiates a wave-like motion to push
food downwards

32
Q

Esophagus

A
  • extends from the laryngopharynx
    through the diaphragm to the
    gastroesophageal sphincter
    (controls food passage in the the
    stomach)
  • Has no digestive or absorptive
    function
  • Simply pushes food down to
    gastroesophageal sphincter at top
    of stomach via peristalsis
33
Q

Stomach

A
  • Third oblique layer of smooth muscle
    allows churning of food to break down to
    smaller pieces
  • Gastric glands secrete HCl
  • Mucosal glands secrete mucus to protect
    stomach from proteolytic enzymes
  • Both physical and chemical breakdown
    occur here
  • Most digestion occurs in pyloric part of
    stomach
  • Chyme – creamy mass of broken down
    food that enters the small intestine
34
Q

Small intestine

A

-Stomach -> Duodenum -> Jejunum ->
Ileum
- Runs from pyloric sphincter of stomach
to ileocecal valve at large intestine
- Enzymes from 2 sources complete
digestion: brush border enzymes and
pancreatic enzymes
- Nearly all nutrient absorption occurs
here (microvilli, villi, and circular folds
increase absorption)

35
Q

Large Intestine

A

Divided into 5 parts:
- Cecum
- Appendix (can be a problem area)
- Colon
- Rectum
- Anal canal
Propels unusable feces and bacteria
towards anus for elimination from body
- Provides a site where bacteria
make vitamins B and K
- Reclaims most of the water left in
the feces to conserve

36
Q

Teeth

A

◦ Deciduous teeth – initial set of teeth
◦ Permanent teeth – second set that
gradually replaces the first set
◦ Functions in breaking down food
◦ Incisors exert a shearing action during
biting
◦ Canines are used for tearing food
◦ Premolars and molars are used for fine
grinding of food

37
Q

Salivary Glands

A

Three pairs of salivary glands empty secretions into the mouth:
◦ Parotid glands: located anterior to the ear and ducts into the mouth over the second upper molar to the parotid duct (mainly serous)
◦ Submandibular glands: located on the medial mandibular body in the floor of the mouth and ducts under the tongue to the linguinal frenulum (mixed)
◦ Sublinguinal glands: located in the front of the floor of the mouth and empties under the tongue through multiple ducts (mainly mucin)
- Food in the mouth stimulates salivary glands to secrete
saliva
- Saliva contains mucin (moistens and binds food) and
salivary amylase (begins digestion of starch

38
Q

Liver

A

Largest gland in the body, located below the diaphragm
- very important in processing the nutrient-rich blood draining the digestive organs
- produces bile
- bile leaves the liver through the common hepatic duct and enters the duodenum through the bile duct

39
Q

Gallbladder

A

A small, green sac on the inferior surface of the liver
- bile enters the gallbladder when digestive activity stops

40
Q

Pancreas

A

A triangular shaped gland that extends horizontally from the spleen to the duodenum
◦ Endocrine function: producing
insulin and glucagon
◦ Exocrine function: secreting
enzymes into the duodenum
through the pancreatic ducts

A&P LAB (1 decks)

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