Lab quiz 2

Question 1

Phenotypic variation Vp is the sum of:

Answer 1

Vg - variation due to genetic effects
- Va variance due to additive effects og genes
- Vd variance due to dominance deviations
Ve variation due to environmental effects

Question 2

s = what, S = what?

Answer 2

selection pressure, selectin differential

Question 3

What is Yp

Answer 3

mean phenotypic score or measurement of parents before selection

Question 4

What is YS

Answer 4

mean phenotypic score of parents after selection - the parents of the next generation

Question 5

What is YR

Answer 5

mean phenotypic score of offspring - the generation responding to selection

Question 6

What is R

Answer 6

response to selection

Question 7

What are the three different data types we learned for zygotic selection models

Answer 7

Type 1 - differential reproduction (includes genotypes and offspring per reproduction)

Type 2- differential survival (includes pop before and after selection and survival rate of each genotype)

Type 3 - data across two generations (includes populations of parents and offspring)

Question 8

Define phylogeny

Answer 8

the evolutionary relationships or history of species cells or taxa

Question 9

Define Apomorphy

Answer 9

a derived character state with reference to another character state

Question 10

Define autapomorphy

Answer 10

derived character state that is unique to a given terminal group (species) it is only found in one member and not in the outgroups

Question 11

Define character

Answer 11

a feater or trait like color

Question 12

Define character states

Answer 12

variant conditions of a character (yellow and green for color)

Question 13

Defne cladogram

Answer 13

diagram that shows ancestral relations between organisms

Question 14

Define convergent evolution

Answer 14

describes the development of similar features independently in genetically unrelated evolutionary lineages - ex wings

Question 15

Define divergent evolution

Answer 15

occurs when a group from an existing species develops into a new species due to an accumulation of differences . generally a response to a change in environment

Question 16

Define homoplasy

Answer 16

the possession of a similar character state by two or more organisms that was not derived from a common ancestorD

Question 17

define monophyletic

Answer 17

a taxon or phylogeny whose members are all derived from a common ancestor - referred to as a clade in a cladogram

Question 18

Define paraphyletic

Answer 18

refers to a taxon whose members are all derived from aa single ancestor not including any other descendants of that ancestor

Question 19

Define parismony

Answer 19

a concept of considering the minimal number of evolutionary changes to define evolutionary relationships

Question 20

Define phylogeny

Answer 20

the history of organismal lineages as they progress over time

Question 21

Define synapomorphy

Answer 21

is a derived character state shared by two taxa and inherited form their most recent common ancestor

Question 22

Define symplesiomorphy

Answer 22

when a character is shared by a number of taxa but inherited from ancestors older than the last common ancestor - a shared primitive trait

Question 23

Define systematics

Answer 23

a field of science that studies the diversification of life and relatedness of organisms

Question 24

Define taxon

Answer 24

a group of organisms that share similar characteristics and are assigned to a taxonomic unit

Question 25

Define taxonomy

Answer 25

classifying using taxanomic units such as kingdom phylum class order family genus species