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Micro Lab Quiz 1 > lab quiz 1 > Flashcards

lab quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

why are multispecies microbial communities easy to grow/cultivate

A

good understanding of nutritional reqs

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2
Q

what is a cell made of

A

water, macromolecules (prots, lipids, nucleic acids, polysaccs, aa, FA, nucleotides, sugar)

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3
Q

what do all microorganisms req

A

C, N, O, H, P, S, Se (most also req Na, K, Ca, Mg)

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4
Q

what is a culture medium

A

nutrient mixture for growing microorganisms that can be liq or sol

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5
Q

why do we use agar

A

it is a solid culture medium and most microorgs cant digest it

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6
Q

what does complex media contain/what makes it special

A

growth factor supplements and exact nutritional chem comp is not known

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7
Q

what is an advantage of using solid agar medium

A

cells are immobilized on the surface

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8
Q

what is a colony

A

a visible mass of cells where a single invisible bacterial cell multiplied and divided into daughter cells

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9
Q

what does morphology dep on

A

ID of org (genetics), conditions it was grown in, nutrients available, physiological parameters/incubation

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10
Q

morph characteristics influenced are?

A

size, shape, margin, elevation, colour

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11
Q

what is a mixed culture

A

agar plate w colonies of dif morphologies

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12
Q

what is a pure culture

A

only one morph present

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13
Q

why are agar plates stored agar side up

A

prevents condensation from dripping onto agar and disrupting microbial growth

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14
Q

higher temps tend to _____ growth rate

A

increase

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15
Q

punctiform

A

spots and less than 1 mm in diam

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16
Q

round/circular

A

round edges/unbroken > 1 mm

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17
Q

irregular

A

uneven along edges

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18
Q

rhizoid

A

root like

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19
Q

spindle

A

growth develops in media and oval

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20
Q

filamentous

A

long, irregular interowven threads

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21
Q

list the five types of edges

A

smooth
undulate (wavy)
lobate (large indents)
irregular/erose (sharp pt’d edges)
filamentousm(thread-like)

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22
Q

list the five types of elevation

A

flat
raised
convex
pulvinate
umbonate

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23
Q

what are biofilms

A

several species of bact co existing and organized into enclosed adhesive matrix made of polysaccs, prots, nucleic acids

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24
Q

what are advantages of biofilms for bact

A

nutrient rich env
cell-cell commun
nutrient exchange
genetic exchange
protection against physical disruption, phagocytosisi, antimicrobials

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25
Q

what is dental plaque

A

microbial biofilm that forms on/bw teeth and gumline; one of the densest collections of bact in body

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26
Q

where do healthy humans have bact

A

surface tiss’s and constitute normal microflora and microbiome

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27
Q

what is the mouth a suitable habitat for

A

750 species of aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms
Streptococcus, Haemophilus, Veillonella, Actinomyces, Fusobacterium

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28
Q

what challenges do bact face and what do they do to overcome them

A

lysozyme and mechanical disruption

bact produce adherence factors that allow them to attact to gum and teeth

Ex) Streptococcus parasanguis and Streptococcus mutans attach to enamel

Ex) Veillonella and Fusobacterium to gumline

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29
Q

why is a brightfield microscope used

A

to examine ind bact cells

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30
Q

what does a condensor lens do

A

focuses light on specimen focal plane

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31
Q

what do you see through objective lens

A

a magnified real image w in the mic

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32
Q

what does the ocular lens do

A

magnifies image further

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33
Q

what does parfocal mean

A

image remains in focus as objective lens change

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34
Q

as the mag increases, the res____

A

decreases

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35
Q

what is res

A

ability of a lens to sep/distinguish bw small objects that are close together

36
Q

what does the immersion oil do

A

replaces the air bw slide an dobjective lens (oil has same refractive index as slide)

37
Q

what are the advantages/dis of a wet mount

A

cells are alive, no distortion and motility

hard to see cells and cell wall features

38
Q

what are bact stains made of

A

powdered dye in water or OH

have pos charged salts//interact w neg part of bact (ionic)

39
Q

what does fixation do

A

preserves int/ex structs of cell, inactivates enz that could affect morphology, and fixes cells so not washed away

heat fixation kills cells and destroys prots in structs

40
Q

advantages of looking at multiple fields of view

A

increases number of obs, allowing to better differentiate morphs

41
Q

as magnification increases, the diameter of the field of view_____

A

decreases

42
Q

label parts of mic

A

refer to lab manual

43
Q

set up koehler illum

A

mark spot in corner

fully raise stage (use coarse focus away)

fully raise condenser (use black circular knob away)

10X obj

aperture 10x

center dot and focus

close field diaphragm (black tab to right)

use condensor to get crisp heptagon

use field diaphragm to get edges just outside circle

44
Q

ex of rod

A

e coli (1 um w, 2-3 um L), salmonella, shigella

45
Q

ex pf cocci

A

staphylococcus (1 um diam), streptococcus

46
Q

ex of filament

A

streptomyces

47
Q

ex of spirochete

A

treponema denticola

48
Q

what can overheating do

A

alter or lyse cell

49
Q

what happens w inconsistent smear prep

A

low dens, hard to find; high dens, hard to correctly asses cell grpings

50
Q

what will excessive washing do

A

partial decolorization of stained cells

51
Q

if you cant see what should you do

A

open aperture diaphragm (do not increase light intensity)

52
Q

if you lose cells at 100X, what should you do

A

make sure slide isnt upside down
make sure slide isnt dirty

53
Q

if you lose cells during X-Y

A

restart at 10X by finding your ink mark (DO NOT use oil on 40X)

54
Q

what does differential staining allow you to see

A

difs in bacterial cell structure

55
Q

what is crystal violet

A

primary stain

56
Q

what is an iodine solution

A

mordant (to help bind dye to target molecules by forming a three component insoluble crystal violet-iodine-cell component complex)//becomes resistant to dissolution in solvent

57
Q

what is safranin

A

secondary stain//counterstains g neg cells pink

58
Q

what colour are gram pos

A

purple

59
Q

list 4 gram neg

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Pseudomonas putida

Escherichia coli

Salmonella enterica

60
Q

list 4 gram pos

A

Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcus epidermis

Enterococcus faecalis

Bacillus cereus

61
Q

a g stain diff’s bact based on

A

cell wall composition and structure

62
Q

what does the cell wall consist of

A

all cellular components that are located just outside the pm

63
Q

what does the cell wall do

A

struct support

protection (from env and other cell or host defense mechs)

exclusion barrier

pathogenicity

64
Q

what is the pm

A

innermost layer that surrounds bact cell

65
Q

cell envelope

A

cell wall and pm

66
Q

what is peptidoglycan

A

aka murein

large mesh like polymer

each subunit made of nag and nam

aa form small peptide and connect carboxyl grp of nam

subunits = glycan tetrapeptide

67
Q

how are the nag/nam subunit sugars connected

A

covalent glycosidic bonds

68
Q

what do transpeptidase enz do

A

crosslink chains or peptid to each of their nam-peptides

69
Q
A
70
Q

cells can crosslink and recycle their peptid subunits when_____

A

they are metabolically active (growing and dividing)

71
Q

list the features of g pos

A

thick peptid

peptid outside peri space

teichoic acids (neg charge)

lipoteichoic acids (anchor pm lipids)

cell walls are strong, low lipid content, more resistant to osmotic press

72
Q

gram neg feats

A

thin peptid w in peri space

large peri space

outermem cov linked to lipoprot

LPS (lipid A, core polysac, outer o side chain)

overall neg charge

73
Q

why treat w acetone-OH

A

for g pos, peptid layer dehydrates which shrinks pores and traps dye

for g neg, lipids in outermem are dissolved, t/f more porous, thin payer of peptid cant retain dye and t/f decolourize

74
Q

what dets whether dye-iodine complex is retained or lost

A

thickness and comp of bact ce;; wall

75
Q

order the g stain procedure

A

crystal violet

iodine

acteone OH

safranin

76
Q

what can lead to false stain results

A

too much OH (can decol g pos)

too little OH (underdecol g neg t/f get false pos)

not enough countertsain (cant see g neg)

77
Q

if too much heat for fixation

A

cell wall damaged t/f more susceptible to decol

78
Q

if not enough heat for fixation

A

cells will slide away

79
Q

what was in the mixed cult in lab 3

A

Staphylococcus epidermidis

Pseudomonas putida

80
Q

what are the ingredients of the TSA plate

A

trypticase peptone, phytone peptone, sodium chloride, agar, dH2O

81
Q

what does the phytone peptone in TSA provide for bact

A

aa, minerals, 35% carbs

82
Q

what oral cavity bact is rod shaped

A

Lactobacillus sp.

83
Q

what oral cavity bact is cocci and form long chains

A

Streptococcus mutans

84
Q

what oral cavity is cocci and form short chains

A

Streptococcus mitus

85
Q

what risk group levels are the bact in lab 3

A

risk group level 1

86
Q

when preparing a streak plate from a broth culture, when is it necessary to heat sterilize the inoculating loop

A

before culture transfer, after q 1, after q4

87
Q

w the streak plate technique, what are the aseptic functions of the bunsen burner

A

sterilize the inoculating loop

flaming open mouth of culture tubes

generating a heated updraft that prevents air contaminants from settling into work surface

Micro Lab Quiz 1 (3 decks)

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