Lab Practical II Flashcards
Hyphae
Small filaments that make up fungi
Mycelium
Group of hyphae
Rhizoids
Modified hyphae that anchor the fungi
Cell walls
Made of chitin
Septa
Divisions in the hyphae
Chytridiomycota
Most are unicellular and living in freshwater environments
One spp. has caused a major decline in amphibian populations
Flagellated gametes that allow them to swim
Zygomycota
Commonly occur in soil, decaying organic matter, and feces
Three types of hyphae
- Rhizoids: anchoring and digestion
- Stolon: horizontal surface hyphae
- Sporangiophores: reproduction
Glomeromycota
Fungi known as mycorrhizae
- Mutualistic relationship with plant roots
- Occurs in 95% of all terrestrial plants
- Fungi receives carbohydrates, sucrose, and glucose
- Tree receives better uptake of phosphorus and other minerals
Ascomycota
Diverse effects on life
- Fatal pulmonary disease in humans
- Plant diseases like Dutch elm disease
- Associated with meningitis
- Hallucinogenic in LSD
- Yeast important for bread and beer
- Morels and truffles for eating
- Antibacterials like Penicillum
- Symbiotic relationship with algae (Lichen)
Basidiomycota
Most of the mushrooms you see at the grocery store
Mushrooms are called basidiocarp
Lichens
Body of lichens called thallus
3 types in nature
- Crustose
- Foliose
- Fruticose
Cnidaria
Cnidoblasts - stinging cells
Two forms
- Medusa
- Polyp: tublar sessile body
Radial symmetry
Both sexual and asexual reproduction
Incomplete digestion
Mollusca
Two body portions
- Head-foot region
- Visceral-mass region
Bilateral symmetry
Closed using gills or lungs
External and internal fertilization
Complete digestion
Porifera
Asymmetrical
Skeletal structure
- Calcium
- Silicone
Excretion and respiratory occurs through diffusion
Water leaves central cavity through the osculum
Ctenophora
“Comb Jelly” but are not true jellyfish
These are the largest animals to move using cilia, called comb plates
Colloblasts are adhesive cells that capture food
Many use bioluminescence
Bilateral symmetry
Platyhelminthes
Bilateral Symmetry
Use diffusion for gas exchange
Most are free-living, some are parasites
Rotifera
Bilateral symmetry
A crown-like structure used for feeding called the corona
Adherence structure called the foot
Annelida
Segmented worms (Septa)
Bilateral symmetry
Most (except leeches) have bristles called Setae
Nephridia - excretory system to remove waste from segments
Have hydrostatic skeletons
Ecdosozoans
“Molting” organisms with exoskeleton
Consists of 8 phyla
- Nematoda
- Arthopoda
Deuterostomes
Triploblastic coelomates
Consists of 3 phyla
- Echinodermata
- Hemichordata
- Chordata
Arthropoda
They have a chitinous exoskeleton
- Divided into plates to allow movement
- Periods of instars and molting
Exhibit bilateral symmetry
- Head, thorax, and abdomen
Well developed sensory organs
Complete digestive system
- Foregut, midgut, hindgut
Open circulatory system
Females are usually egg-laying (oviparous)
They have a chitinous exoskeleton
- Divided into plates to allow movement
Subphylum Chelicerata
Spiders
Horseshoe crabs
Ticks
Scorpions
Subphylum Crustacea
Crabs
Lobsters
Crayfish
Subphylum Hexapoda
Beetles
Flies
Butterflies
Fleas
Subphylum Myriapoda
Centipedes
Millipedes
Chordata
Body plan
- Notocord, pharyngeal pounches, dorsal hollow nerve chord, and postanal tail
Vertebral column replaces notochord after embryonic development
- Exception - jawless fish have notocord
Neural crest - group of embryonic cells that form cranium, jaws, teeth, and some nerves
Support structure
-Bony or cartilaginous skeleton
-Complex muscular system
Circulatory system
-Multichambered heart
Subphylum Vertebrata (Chondrichthyes)
Chondrichthyes
- Cartilaginous fishes
- Oviviparous -egg develops in female and hatch at birth
- Viviparous - young develop in female
Subphylum Vertebrata (Actinopterygii)
Actinopterygii
- 95% of all vertebrate spp.
- Lateral line - sensory organ to detect vibrations
- Swim bladder - control buoyancy
Subphylum Vertebrata (Amphibia)
Amphibia
- Nictitating membrane - protected eyelid to lock in moisture
- Larval forms possess gills
Subphylum Vertebrata (Reptilia)
Reptilia
- Egg has four distinct membranes - yolk sac, amnion, chorion, and allantois
- Ectothermic
- Complete digestive system
- Dioecious
Subphylum Vertebrata (Aves)
Aves
- Endothermic
- Uropygial gland - produces oil that helps waterproof feathers and prevent microbial growth
- Precocial - hatchlings able to run or swim
- Altricial - helpless hatchlings
- Plumage - the appearance of feathers and arrangement
Subphylum Vertebrata (Mammalia)
Mammalia
- Endothermic
- Presence of hair (pelage)
- Monotremes - egg laying
- Marsupials - pouch animals
- Placental - embryo receives nutrients and oxygen from placenta
- Females have mammary glands
Nematoda
Roundworms
- Most are harmless
Anatomy
- Hydroskeleton - fluid filled pseudocoel
- Midventral pore - excretory structure
- Amphids - sensory organs on either side of the head in non-parasitic spp.
- Phasmids - sensory organs near the posterior
Coprozoic feed on fecal matter
Saprobes feed on decaying organisms
Echinodermata
Body plan
- Radial symmetry
- Endoskeleton with surface spines
- Pedicellariae - jaw-like pincers at the end of the spines
Anatomy
- Water vascular system
- Adults lack a head, brain, and segmentation
- Complete digestive system
- Most use gills for respiration
- Bipinaria - bilaterally symmetrical larva
Hemichordata
Acorn worms are the most common
- Three body regions - Proboscis, collar, and trunk
