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Foundations of Biology > Lab Practical II > Flashcards

Lab Practical II Flashcards

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1
Q

Hyphae

A

Small filaments that make up fungi

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2
Q

Mycelium

A

Group of hyphae

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3
Q

Rhizoids

A

Modified hyphae that anchor the fungi

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4
Q

Cell walls

A

Made of chitin

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5
Q

Septa

A

Divisions in the hyphae

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6
Q

Chytridiomycota

A

Most are unicellular and living in freshwater environments
One spp. has caused a major decline in amphibian populations
Flagellated gametes that allow them to swim

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7
Q

Zygomycota

A

Commonly occur in soil, decaying organic matter, and feces
Three types of hyphae
- Rhizoids: anchoring and digestion
- Stolon: horizontal surface hyphae
- Sporangiophores: reproduction

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8
Q

Glomeromycota

A

Fungi known as mycorrhizae
- Mutualistic relationship with plant roots
- Occurs in 95% of all terrestrial plants
- Fungi receives carbohydrates, sucrose, and glucose
- Tree receives better uptake of phosphorus and other minerals

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9
Q

Ascomycota

A

Diverse effects on life
- Fatal pulmonary disease in humans
- Plant diseases like Dutch elm disease
- Associated with meningitis
- Hallucinogenic in LSD
- Yeast important for bread and beer
- Morels and truffles for eating
- Antibacterials like Penicillum
- Symbiotic relationship with algae (Lichen)

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10
Q

Basidiomycota

A

Most of the mushrooms you see at the grocery store
Mushrooms are called basidiocarp

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11
Q

Lichens

A

Body of lichens called thallus
3 types in nature
- Crustose
- Foliose
- Fruticose

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12
Q

Cnidaria

A

Cnidoblasts - stinging cells
Two forms
- Medusa
- Polyp: tublar sessile body
Radial symmetry
Both sexual and asexual reproduction
Incomplete digestion

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13
Q

Mollusca

A

Two body portions
- Head-foot region
- Visceral-mass region
Bilateral symmetry
Closed using gills or lungs
External and internal fertilization
Complete digestion

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14
Q

Porifera

A

Asymmetrical
Skeletal structure
- Calcium
- Silicone
Excretion and respiratory occurs through diffusion
Water leaves central cavity through the osculum

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15
Q

Ctenophora

A

“Comb Jelly” but are not true jellyfish
These are the largest animals to move using cilia, called comb plates
Colloblasts are adhesive cells that capture food
Many use bioluminescence
Bilateral symmetry

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16
Q

Platyhelminthes

A

Bilateral Symmetry
Use diffusion for gas exchange
Most are free-living, some are parasites

17
Q

Rotifera

A

Bilateral symmetry
A crown-like structure used for feeding called the corona
Adherence structure called the foot

18
Q

Annelida

A

Segmented worms (Septa)
Bilateral symmetry
Most (except leeches) have bristles called Setae
Nephridia - excretory system to remove waste from segments
Have hydrostatic skeletons

19
Q

Ecdosozoans

A

“Molting” organisms with exoskeleton
Consists of 8 phyla
- Nematoda
- Arthopoda

20
Q

Deuterostomes

A

Triploblastic coelomates
Consists of 3 phyla
- Echinodermata
- Hemichordata
- Chordata

21
Q

Arthropoda

A

They have a chitinous exoskeleton
- Divided into plates to allow movement
- Periods of instars and molting
Exhibit bilateral symmetry
- Head, thorax, and abdomen
Well developed sensory organs
Complete digestive system
- Foregut, midgut, hindgut
Open circulatory system
Females are usually egg-laying (oviparous)
They have a chitinous exoskeleton
- Divided into plates to allow movement

22
Q

Subphylum Chelicerata

A

Spiders
Horseshoe crabs
Ticks
Scorpions

23
Q

Subphylum Crustacea

A

Crabs
Lobsters
Crayfish

24
Q

Subphylum Hexapoda

A

Beetles
Flies
Butterflies
Fleas

25
Q

Subphylum Myriapoda

A

Centipedes
Millipedes

26
Q

Chordata

A

Body plan
- Notocord, pharyngeal pounches, dorsal hollow nerve chord, and postanal tail
Vertebral column replaces notochord after embryonic development
- Exception - jawless fish have notocord
Neural crest - group of embryonic cells that form cranium, jaws, teeth, and some nerves
Support structure
-Bony or cartilaginous skeleton
-Complex muscular system
Circulatory system
-Multichambered heart

27
Q

Subphylum Vertebrata (Chondrichthyes)

A

Chondrichthyes
- Cartilaginous fishes
- Oviviparous -egg develops in female and hatch at birth
- Viviparous - young develop in female

28
Q

Subphylum Vertebrata (Actinopterygii)

A

Actinopterygii
- 95% of all vertebrate spp.
- Lateral line - sensory organ to detect vibrations
- Swim bladder - control buoyancy

29
Q

Subphylum Vertebrata (Amphibia)

A

Amphibia
- Nictitating membrane - protected eyelid to lock in moisture
- Larval forms possess gills

30
Q

Subphylum Vertebrata (Reptilia)

A

Reptilia
- Egg has four distinct membranes - yolk sac, amnion, chorion, and allantois
- Ectothermic
- Complete digestive system
- Dioecious

31
Q

Subphylum Vertebrata (Aves)

A

Aves
- Endothermic
- Uropygial gland - produces oil that helps waterproof feathers and prevent microbial growth
- Precocial - hatchlings able to run or swim
- Altricial - helpless hatchlings
- Plumage - the appearance of feathers and arrangement

32
Q

Subphylum Vertebrata (Mammalia)

A

Mammalia
- Endothermic
- Presence of hair (pelage)
- Monotremes - egg laying
- Marsupials - pouch animals
- Placental - embryo receives nutrients and oxygen from placenta
- Females have mammary glands

33
Q

Nematoda

A

Roundworms
- Most are harmless
Anatomy
- Hydroskeleton - fluid filled pseudocoel
- Midventral pore - excretory structure
- Amphids - sensory organs on either side of the head in non-parasitic spp.
- Phasmids - sensory organs near the posterior
Coprozoic feed on fecal matter
Saprobes feed on decaying organisms

34
Q

Echinodermata

A

Body plan
- Radial symmetry
- Endoskeleton with surface spines
- Pedicellariae - jaw-like pincers at the end of the spines
Anatomy
- Water vascular system
- Adults lack a head, brain, and segmentation
- Complete digestive system
- Most use gills for respiration
- Bipinaria - bilaterally symmetrical larva

35
Q

Hemichordata

A

Acorn worms are the most common
- Three body regions - Proboscis, collar, and trunk

Foundations of Biology (2 decks)

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