lab practical exam 12/6/23 Flashcards
Where are autosomal characteristics carried?
Chromosomes #1-#22
Where are sex linked traits carried?
In 23rd pair - X and Y
Identify Karyotype for Normal Male
One X
One Y
Identify Karyotype for Klinefelter’s Syndrome
Male with one additional x chromosome (XXY).
- testes underdeveloped, enlarged breasts
-long limbs
- sparse body hair
- learning disabilities
Identify Karyotype for Triple-X/Poly-X Syndrome
Female with 3 chromosomes,
- webbed neck, short stature
- low intellectual capabilities
- underdeveloped gonadal structures
Identify Karyotype for Jacob’s Syndrome
Male has extra Y chromosome from father
- no physical or intellectual effects shown
Identify Karyotype for Down Syndrome
Extra 21st chromosome
If individual is homoz. dom. (PP), or heteroz. (Pp), what characteristics will be shown in the phenotype?
Dominant Phenotype
Would you expect a dominant trait to be the most common in a pop? Why?
NOT ALWAYS TRUE. Natural selection might give advantage + Founder effect
What is Founder effect?
A few individuals start a new population
Phenotypic ratio given Genotypic ratio:
G = 1AA:2Aa:1aa
3 purple, 1 white
Predictions based off Genotypic Ratio:
1AA:2Aa:1aa
25% 1/4 homozy. dom (purple)
50% 2/4 heterozy. (purple)
25% 1/4 homozy. rec. (white)
TRUE OR FALSE? Sex chromosomes only carry genes that relate to the sexual characteristics or functions of an individual
FALSE. Many disorders considered linked to the X chromosome –> hemophilia, color blindness, etc.
X^BX^b
carries gene (bio female)
X^bX^b
is colorblind (bio female)
X^bY
is colorblind (bio male)
How are X linked traits inherited different in males and females
- males present more, females carry
- color blindness, hemophilia, and muscular dystrophy are genes linked on the X chromosome
Does a pedigree indicate phenotypes or genotypes?
PHENOTYPES (genotypes to some extent).
Determine possible blood types for Jack and Susan’s children.
Jack’s Blood Type: O
Susan’s Blood Type: A
AO, AO, OO, OO
AO, AO
What are the 3 parts that make up a nucleotide of DNA
- phosphate group
- pentose sugar (deoxyribose)
- nitrogenous base (contains hydrogen)
Sides of a DNA strand:
sugar & phosphates
Rungs of DNA:
base pairs (A+T), (G+C) held together by hydrogen bonds
Complimentary DNA Strand:
3’ TAC GCG ATA ATC 5’
5’ ATG CGC TAT TAG 3’
Replication:
DNA is used to make more DNA
Transcription:
DNA is used to make RNA
Translation:
RNA is used to make amino acid sequence
Transformation:
Changing genes of bacteria through uptake of new DNA
Gel electrophiles:
Techniques used to separate fragments of DNA by size and create DNA profiles
(gel electrophiles) negatively charged DNA migrates…
toward the positive pole
(gel electrophiles) larger fragments move _______, smaller fragments move ______.
slower
faster
On what basis does gel electrophiles separate molecules?
size and charge!
What makes molecules migrate in gel electrophoresis?
Electricity
of strands?
DNA Structure:
Sugar?
Bases?
Number of strands?
- deoxyribose
- ATGC
- 2
RNA Structure:
Sugar?
Bases?
Number of strands?
- Ribose
- AUGC
- 1
What is a codon?
block of 3 DNA nucleotides corresponding to an amino acid
What organelle is associated with translation?
Ribosomes are the organelle in translation that requires reaction with mRNA and tRNA to create proteins
Function of tRNA molecules?
carry amino acids to the ribosome for building polypeptide chain
transcribe DNA code to mRNA:
DNA - 3’ TAC GCG ATA ATC 5’
RNA - 5’ AUG CGC UAU UAG 3’
Components necessary for translation process carried by tRNA
anticodon & amino acid
what is an anticodon?
3 bases on tRNA that are complimentary to a codon
CELL ISOLATION
Cell extract (strawberry)
source of DNA
CELL ISOLATION
SDS (detergent)
broke down cell membranes, releasing DNA into the tube
CELL ISOLATION
Ethanol
attracted DNA, separated DNA out
Cytochrome C protein, isoelectronic point?
10.2
Myoglobin protein, isoelectronic point?
7.2
Hemoglobin protein, isoelectronic point?
6.8
Serum albumin protein, isoelectronic point?
4.8
What are plasmids?
Small, circular, double stranded DNA molecules in a cell that is physically separated from chromosomal DNA
- can replicate independently
- may benefit survival of organism (ex. antibiotic resistance)
What human hormone has been produced through bacterial transformation technology?
Insulin
BACTERIA LAB
During the transformation procedure, what gene(s) did the plasmid contain?
pGLO & AMP resistance
BACTERIA LAB
How would the transformed genes be beneficial to E. Coli?
The ampicillin resistance gene allows us to select which cells have been transformed based on the growth in the antibiotic AMP.
Evolution?
Change over time.
(Charles Darwin)
How does the evolution explain both the unity and the diversity of life?
evolution has started with a single common ancestor that unifies life on Earth and diversified it into a wide variety of species
