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BIO 162 > Lab Practical > Flashcards

Lab Practical Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

zone of inhibition

A
  • distance between edge of disc and nearest bacterial growth
  • larger ZOI = stronger anti-bacterial properties
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2
Q

immune structures in the body

A
  • bone marrow
  • leukocytes (white blood cells)
  • thymus
  • lymph nodes
  • spleen
  • tonsils
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3
Q

neutrophils

A
  • multi lobed nucleus
  • light pink background
  • most abundant WBC
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4
Q

eosinophils

A
  • two lobed nucleus

- redder back =ground

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5
Q

basophil

A
  • dots covering cell
  • two lobed nucleus
  • purple speckled background
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6
Q

lymphocytes

A
  • smaller with large dark nucleus

- light blue background

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7
Q

monocytes

A
  • kidney/ heart shaped nucleus

- blue background

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8
Q

platelet

A

-small dot in-between red blood cells

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9
Q

reticular fibers in a lymph node

A
  • allow filtration of lymph stem and pathogen debris

- thread-like

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10
Q

erythrocytes

A
  • red blood cells

- most important for oxygen transport

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11
Q

stems

A
  • modified asexual reproduction

- ex. onion

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12
Q

roots

A
  • modified for storage

- ex. carrot

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13
Q

leaves

A
  • modified for storage

- ex. celery

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14
Q

calyx

A

-whorl of sepals

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15
Q

corolla

A

-whorl of petals

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16
Q

carpel

A
  • inside stick

- made up of: ovary, style, stigma (top)

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17
Q

stamen

A
  • thin inside string with bulb on top

- made of: filament, anther (top)

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18
Q

sepal

A
  • green leaflike bottom part

- connected to form calyx

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19
Q

petal

A
  • each segment of the corolla

- modified leaves

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20
Q

receptacle

A
  • contains ovary

- sits in calyx/ whorl of sepals

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21
Q

lip

A

-enlarged petal

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22
Q

fruit

A
  • mature ovary containing seeds
  • evolved to protect or disperse seeds
  • thickened ovary walls (pericarp)
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23
Q

what is the pericarp of a fruit made of

A
  • exocarp (outermost)
  • mesocarp
  • endocarp (surrounding seed)
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24
Q

simple fruit

A
  • each flower contains one ovary

- can be either fleshy, dry, nut,

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25
Q

fleshy

A
  • soft, fleshy ovary wall/ pericarp

- ex. berry (grape, tomato), hesperidium (lemon, lime), pepo (cucumbers), pome (apple, pear), drupe (nectarine, cherry)

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26
Q

dry fruits

A
  • pericarp splits open along definite seams

- legume (bean pod), achenes

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27
Q

nut

A
  • larger, one-seeded fruit with very hard pericarp (usually enclosed in husk)
  • ex. acorn, chestnut, walnut
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28
Q

aggregate fruits

A
  • cluster of many ripened ovaries (fruits) produced by a single flower
  • ex. raspberries, blackberries
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29
Q

multiple fruits

A
  • cluster of many ripened ovaries (fruits) produced by many flowers crowded together
  • ex. pineapple
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30
Q

xylem

A
  • larger holes/ white spaces on outside of slide
  • vascular tissue in plants that
  • sap movement via transpirational pull (up from roots to leaves)
  • cohesion tension pulls water from soil into roots xylem
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31
Q

phloem

A
  • smaller holes/ white spaces on inside of slide
  • sap movement via pressure flow (down from leaves to roots)
  • sugar passes through sieve-tube members
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32
Q

active transport of sucrose (translocation)

A
  • from source cell -> companion cell -> phloem
  • down the phloem through sieve tubules/ pores
  • phloem -> companion cell -> sink (root cell)
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33
Q

transpiration

A
  • high rate potential inside the leaf, low water potential outside leaf
  • water leaves menisci (space inside leaf) and goes into air
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34
Q

primary growth

A

-growing longer or taller roots or shoots

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35
Q

secondary growth

A

-growing wider roots or shoots (accomplished via vascular cambium)

36
Q

what environmental factors may influence plant growth/ evolution

A
  • light
  • nutrients
  • water
  • reproduction/ seed dispersal
37
Q

what are the 3 types of plants

A
  • hydrophytes
  • mesophytes
  • xerophytes
38
Q

hydrophytes

A
  • plant that grows only in or on water
  • abundant resource: water
  • limited resource: space, CO2, sun
39
Q

mesophytes

A
  • a plant needing only a moderate amount of water
  • abundant resource: nothing really
  • limited resource: water, space, sun
40
Q

xerophytes

A
  • a plant which needs very little water (dessert plant)
  • abundant resource: sun, space
  • limited resource: water
41
Q

monocots

A
  • plants with one cotyledon/ embryonic leaf
  • leaf: parallel veins
  • stem vascular bundle: complex pattern
  • root: fibrous roots
  • root vascular bundle: ring
42
Q

dicot

A
  • plants with two or more cotyledon/ embryonic leaves
  • leaf: network veins/ branching
  • stem vascular bundle: ring
  • root: tap root (straight tapering root- think carrot)
  • root vascular bundle: small x in center
43
Q

leaf arrangement on stem (phyllotaxy)

A
  • simple
  • pinnately compound
  • bi-pinnately compound
44
Q

leaf venation

A
  • parallel
  • pinnate
  • palmate
45
Q

leaf arrangment

A
  • alternate
  • opposite
  • whorled
46
Q

auxin

A
  • regulates size and bed
  • inhibits lateral growth
  • located in apical meristem (dicots: tip of stem, monocots: base of stem, and all root tips)
47
Q

petiole

A
  • small stock/ leaf stock that joins the leaf to the stem

- attaches to stem on node

48
Q

phototropism

A
  • auxin diffuses away from the light to the side in the shade
  • extra auxin on shape side makes side grow, bending the apical meristem towards the sun
  • stronger for shoots
49
Q

posiitve gravitropism

A
  • auxin rushes to side of shade and inhibits growth
  • upper side grows longer, thus making roots shoot down into ground
  • stronger in roots
50
Q

negative gravitropism

A
  • auxin rushes to shaded side of plant and makes it grow more, making plant shoot back up towards sun
  • neg. only in shoots
51
Q

zone of abscission

A
  • usually high auxin in leaf, low ethylene (promotes ripening) in petiole
  • when auxin decreases in leaf, ethylene increases and fruit/ flower falls off
52
Q

statistics

A
  • to draw general conclusions from a sample of data

- tests in difference we see is real or just due to chance

53
Q

p-value

A
  • probability of an observed (or more extreme) result arising by chance, assuming the null hypothesis is true
  • ecology: use threshold of 0.05
54
Q

t-test

A

-compares two categorical groups with quantitative data

55
Q

ANOVA

A

-test compares more than 2 groups of categorical variables with quantitative data

56
Q

umami

A
  • savory, pungent, meaty

- tasted MSG, present in fermented things

57
Q

sweet

A

-caused by many chemicals including sugar

58
Q

salty

A

-caused by salts (like NaCl)

59
Q

sourness

A
  • measure of pH really

- more H/ more acidic, the stronger the taste

60
Q

bitter

A
  • caused by many chemicals, especially alkaloids

- in many things that cause death

61
Q

layers of the eye (front to back)

A
  • sclera (protects and shapes)
  • cornea (bends light)
  • iris (regulates size of opening)
  • pupil (allows light to enter)
  • lens (focuses light)
  • retina (senses light)
  • choroid coat (absorbs light to prevent blurriness)
  • fovea
  • blind spot
  • optic nerve
62
Q

pituitary gland tissue

A
  • anterior pituitary (endocrine tissue) is dark/ purple

- posterior pituitary (neuron tissue) is light/ white

63
Q

anterior pituitary

A
  • endocrine tissue where hormones are
  • ACTH
  • LH / FSH
  • GH
  • prolactin
  • TSH
64
Q

posterior pituitary

A
  • neural tissue
  • ADH
  • oxytocin
65
Q

hypothalamus

A
  • blank light pink/ blue slide with dark blue bulb top left

- middle of brain

66
Q

testes slide

A
  • interstitial cells/ leydig cells are small triangles between circles
  • seminiferous tubule is the purple circle
  • developing sperm is the white area in the middle of the seminiferous tubule
67
Q

epididymis and testes slide

A
  • epididymus look like blocks with large nucleus

- testes look like sea urchins

68
Q

testosterone negative feedback loop

A
  • hypothalamus -> GnRH
  • anterior pituitary -> LH
  • testes -> testosterone
69
Q

cortisol negative feedback loop

A
  • hypothalamus -> CRH
  • anterior pituitary -> ACTH
  • adrenal gland -> cortisol
70
Q

bronchi

A

-air passages that diverge from the wind pipe to lungs

71
Q

bronchioles

A

-bronchi divide into smaller pipes called bronchioles

72
Q

alveoli

A

-tiny air sacs in lungs

73
Q

healthy human lung slide

A

-more purple (blended like nail art)

74
Q

emphysema lung (enlarged air sacs) / lung with CPOD

A

-more white space (blend nail art)

75
Q

atherosclerosis

A

-blood vessel accumulates plaque build up making it hard for blood to travel through arteries

76
Q

artery vs. vein vs. nerve

A
  • artery: thicker and more circular
  • vein: thinner and more squished
  • nerve: filled in circle
77
Q

human blood cell

A

-lots of little purple/ RBC with few leukocytes in it (dark purple)

78
Q

reptile blood smear

A
  • each blood cell has little nucleus

- look like pomegranate seeds

79
Q

leukemia blood smear

A
  • red bloot cells have fused together, look like bowties

- lots of WBCs

80
Q

order that blood flows through the heart

A

in superior vena cava –> right atrium –> tricuspid valve –> right ventricle –> pulmonary valve –> pulmonary artery –> out to lungs
in pulmonary veins –> left atrium –> bicuspid valve –> left ventricle –> aortic valve –> aorta –> entire body

81
Q

sections of a hematocrit

A
  • plasma at top
  • white blood cells and platelets separating
  • red blood cells/ hematocrit at bottom 42%
82
Q

digestive tract

A
  • mouth (mechanical/ chemical processing)
  • esophagus (transport food)
  • liver (secrete bile for fat digestion)
  • stomach (mechanical/chemical processing)
  • small intestine
  • large intestine/ colon
  • anus
83
Q

layers of the small intestine

A
  • serosa
  • muscularis
  • submucosa
  • mucosa
84
Q

parts of the kidney

A
  • cortex: outer

- medulla: inside pyramid

85
Q

lymph node slide

A
  • reticular fibers (dark lines on slide)
  • reticular cells (silver stain ring around lymphocyte)
  • lymphocytes (purple circle clean)

BIO 162 (4 decks)

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