Lab Practical Flashcards
zone of inhibition
- distance between edge of disc and nearest bacterial growth
- larger ZOI = stronger anti-bacterial properties
immune structures in the body
- bone marrow
- leukocytes (white blood cells)
- thymus
- lymph nodes
- spleen
- tonsils
neutrophils
- multi lobed nucleus
- light pink background
- most abundant WBC
eosinophils
- two lobed nucleus
- redder back =ground
basophil
- dots covering cell
- two lobed nucleus
- purple speckled background
lymphocytes
- smaller with large dark nucleus
- light blue background
monocytes
- kidney/ heart shaped nucleus
- blue background
platelet
-small dot in-between red blood cells
reticular fibers in a lymph node
- allow filtration of lymph stem and pathogen debris
- thread-like
erythrocytes
- red blood cells
- most important for oxygen transport
stems
- modified asexual reproduction
- ex. onion
roots
- modified for storage
- ex. carrot
leaves
- modified for storage
- ex. celery
calyx
-whorl of sepals
corolla
-whorl of petals
carpel
- inside stick
- made up of: ovary, style, stigma (top)
stamen
- thin inside string with bulb on top
- made of: filament, anther (top)
sepal
- green leaflike bottom part
- connected to form calyx
petal
- each segment of the corolla
- modified leaves
receptacle
- contains ovary
- sits in calyx/ whorl of sepals
lip
-enlarged petal
fruit
- mature ovary containing seeds
- evolved to protect or disperse seeds
- thickened ovary walls (pericarp)
what is the pericarp of a fruit made of
- exocarp (outermost)
- mesocarp
- endocarp (surrounding seed)
simple fruit
- each flower contains one ovary
- can be either fleshy, dry, nut,
fleshy
- soft, fleshy ovary wall/ pericarp
- ex. berry (grape, tomato), hesperidium (lemon, lime), pepo (cucumbers), pome (apple, pear), drupe (nectarine, cherry)
dry fruits
- pericarp splits open along definite seams
- legume (bean pod), achenes
nut
- larger, one-seeded fruit with very hard pericarp (usually enclosed in husk)
- ex. acorn, chestnut, walnut
aggregate fruits
- cluster of many ripened ovaries (fruits) produced by a single flower
- ex. raspberries, blackberries
multiple fruits
- cluster of many ripened ovaries (fruits) produced by many flowers crowded together
- ex. pineapple
xylem
- larger holes/ white spaces on outside of slide
- vascular tissue in plants that
- sap movement via transpirational pull (up from roots to leaves)
- cohesion tension pulls water from soil into roots xylem
phloem
- smaller holes/ white spaces on inside of slide
- sap movement via pressure flow (down from leaves to roots)
- sugar passes through sieve-tube members
active transport of sucrose (translocation)
- from source cell -> companion cell -> phloem
- down the phloem through sieve tubules/ pores
- phloem -> companion cell -> sink (root cell)
transpiration
- high rate potential inside the leaf, low water potential outside leaf
- water leaves menisci (space inside leaf) and goes into air
primary growth
-growing longer or taller roots or shoots
secondary growth
-growing wider roots or shoots (accomplished via vascular cambium)
what environmental factors may influence plant growth/ evolution
- light
- nutrients
- water
- reproduction/ seed dispersal
what are the 3 types of plants
- hydrophytes
- mesophytes
- xerophytes
hydrophytes
- plant that grows only in or on water
- abundant resource: water
- limited resource: space, CO2, sun
mesophytes
- a plant needing only a moderate amount of water
- abundant resource: nothing really
- limited resource: water, space, sun
xerophytes
- a plant which needs very little water (dessert plant)
- abundant resource: sun, space
- limited resource: water
monocots
- plants with one cotyledon/ embryonic leaf
- leaf: parallel veins
- stem vascular bundle: complex pattern
- root: fibrous roots
- root vascular bundle: ring
dicot
- plants with two or more cotyledon/ embryonic leaves
- leaf: network veins/ branching
- stem vascular bundle: ring
- root: tap root (straight tapering root- think carrot)
- root vascular bundle: small x in center
leaf arrangement on stem (phyllotaxy)
- simple
- pinnately compound
- bi-pinnately compound
leaf venation
- parallel
- pinnate
- palmate
leaf arrangment
- alternate
- opposite
- whorled
auxin
- regulates size and bed
- inhibits lateral growth
- located in apical meristem (dicots: tip of stem, monocots: base of stem, and all root tips)
petiole
- small stock/ leaf stock that joins the leaf to the stem
- attaches to stem on node
phototropism
- auxin diffuses away from the light to the side in the shade
- extra auxin on shape side makes side grow, bending the apical meristem towards the sun
- stronger for shoots
posiitve gravitropism
- auxin rushes to side of shade and inhibits growth
- upper side grows longer, thus making roots shoot down into ground
- stronger in roots
negative gravitropism
- auxin rushes to shaded side of plant and makes it grow more, making plant shoot back up towards sun
- neg. only in shoots
zone of abscission
- usually high auxin in leaf, low ethylene (promotes ripening) in petiole
- when auxin decreases in leaf, ethylene increases and fruit/ flower falls off
statistics
- to draw general conclusions from a sample of data
- tests in difference we see is real or just due to chance
p-value
- probability of an observed (or more extreme) result arising by chance, assuming the null hypothesis is true
- ecology: use threshold of 0.05
t-test
-compares two categorical groups with quantitative data
ANOVA
-test compares more than 2 groups of categorical variables with quantitative data
umami
- savory, pungent, meaty
- tasted MSG, present in fermented things
sweet
-caused by many chemicals including sugar
salty
-caused by salts (like NaCl)
sourness
- measure of pH really
- more H/ more acidic, the stronger the taste
bitter
- caused by many chemicals, especially alkaloids
- in many things that cause death
layers of the eye (front to back)
- sclera (protects and shapes)
- cornea (bends light)
- iris (regulates size of opening)
- pupil (allows light to enter)
- lens (focuses light)
- retina (senses light)
- choroid coat (absorbs light to prevent blurriness)
- fovea
- blind spot
- optic nerve
pituitary gland tissue
- anterior pituitary (endocrine tissue) is dark/ purple
- posterior pituitary (neuron tissue) is light/ white
anterior pituitary
- endocrine tissue where hormones are
- ACTH
- LH / FSH
- GH
- prolactin
- TSH
posterior pituitary
- neural tissue
- ADH
- oxytocin
hypothalamus
- blank light pink/ blue slide with dark blue bulb top left
- middle of brain
testes slide
- interstitial cells/ leydig cells are small triangles between circles
- seminiferous tubule is the purple circle
- developing sperm is the white area in the middle of the seminiferous tubule
epididymis and testes slide
- epididymus look like blocks with large nucleus
- testes look like sea urchins
testosterone negative feedback loop
- hypothalamus -> GnRH
- anterior pituitary -> LH
- testes -> testosterone
cortisol negative feedback loop
- hypothalamus -> CRH
- anterior pituitary -> ACTH
- adrenal gland -> cortisol
bronchi
-air passages that diverge from the wind pipe to lungs
bronchioles
-bronchi divide into smaller pipes called bronchioles
alveoli
-tiny air sacs in lungs
healthy human lung slide
-more purple (blended like nail art)
emphysema lung (enlarged air sacs) / lung with CPOD
-more white space (blend nail art)
atherosclerosis
-blood vessel accumulates plaque build up making it hard for blood to travel through arteries
artery vs. vein vs. nerve
- artery: thicker and more circular
- vein: thinner and more squished
- nerve: filled in circle
human blood cell
-lots of little purple/ RBC with few leukocytes in it (dark purple)
reptile blood smear
- each blood cell has little nucleus
- look like pomegranate seeds
leukemia blood smear
- red bloot cells have fused together, look like bowties
- lots of WBCs
order that blood flows through the heart
in superior vena cava –> right atrium –> tricuspid valve –> right ventricle –> pulmonary valve –> pulmonary artery –> out to lungs
in pulmonary veins –> left atrium –> bicuspid valve –> left ventricle –> aortic valve –> aorta –> entire body
sections of a hematocrit
- plasma at top
- white blood cells and platelets separating
- red blood cells/ hematocrit at bottom 42%
digestive tract
- mouth (mechanical/ chemical processing)
- esophagus (transport food)
- liver (secrete bile for fat digestion)
- stomach (mechanical/chemical processing)
- small intestine
- large intestine/ colon
- anus
layers of the small intestine
- serosa
- muscularis
- submucosa
- mucosa
parts of the kidney
- cortex: outer
- medulla: inside pyramid
lymph node slide
- reticular fibers (dark lines on slide)
- reticular cells (silver stain ring around lymphocyte)
- lymphocytes (purple circle clean)
