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Lab Practical 3 > Lab Practical 3 > Flashcards

Lab Practical 3 Flashcards

0
Q

Structure of skeletal muscle from microscopic to gross anatomy

A 
Myofilaments (actin/myosin)
Myofibrils
Fiber
Endomysium (CT covers fiber)
Fascicles 
Perimysium (CT covers fascicles)
Group of fascicles (muscle)
Epimysium (CT covers muscle)
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1
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

Action potential leaping over parts of myelin sheath to move faster

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2
Q

Muscle fiber

A

Cells of muscle.

Work together with neuron to allow motion.

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3
Q

Myofibril

A

Groups of these make a fiber.
Lie below sarcolemma.
Give striped appearance.

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4
Q

Myofilament

A

Threadlike structures that make up myofibrils.
Actin/myosin proteins.
Allow contraction of muscles.
Banding appearance.

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5
Q

Actin

A

Thin filament.

Slides past myosin to allow contraction.

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6
Q

Myosin

A

Thick filament.

Combines with actin to allow muscle contraction.

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7
Q

Aponeurosis

A

Sheet like CT that attaches muscles to eachother or bones.

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8
Q

Tendon

A

Strong cordlike.
Provide durability and conserve space.
Can span rough bony parts that would otherwise harm muscle.
Can pass over joints.

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9
Q

Epimysium

A

Coarse overcoat of dense CT that holds a large group of fascicles together. Aka, covers whole Muscle.

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10
Q

Perimysium

A

Collagenic membrane that wraps fascicles.

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11
Q

Endomysium

A

Delicate areolar CT sheath that covers each fiber.

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12
Q

Neuromuscular junction structure

A 
Axon terminal
Synaptic end bulbs
Skeletal muscle fiber
Synaptic cleft
Synaptic vesicles
Motor end plate
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13
Q

Function of neuromuscular junction in muscle function

A

Nerve impulse reaches axon terminal.
Synaptic vesicles release acetylcholine (ACh) into synaptic cleft.
ACh diffuse across junction combining with receptors on sarcolemma.
Permeability in sarcolemma changes.
Channels allow both Na and K ions to pass.
More Na diffuses into fiber than K diffuses out so depolarization of sarcolemma happens causing contraction of muscle fiber.

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14
Q

Neuroglia of CNS (brain and spinal cord)

A
  1. Astrocyte - create blood brain barrier
  2. Microglia - phagocytosis
  3. Ependymal cells - produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), help to circulate it
  4. Oligodendrocyte - produce myelin and wrap it around axons
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15
Q

Neuroglia in PNS

A
  1. Schwann cells - produce myelin and wrap it around axons of neurons
  2. Satellite cells - provide structural support to neurons and regulate exchange of nutrients and wastes to neurons
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16
Q

Dendrites

A

Receiving end of neuron

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17
Q

Neuron

A

Nerve cell.

Transmits action potentials/impulses.

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18
Q

Axon

A

Transmitting end of neuron.

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19
Q

Neuroglia

A

Serve the needs of the neuron by bracing and protecting them.

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20
Q

Cell body of neuron

A

Main part from which slender processes extend.

Make up gray matter of nervous system.

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21
Q

Node of ranvier

A

Gaps in the myelin sheath.

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22
Q

Nissl bodies

A

Elaborate type of rough endoplasmic reticulum that are involved in the metabolic activities of the cell.

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23
Q

Pyramidal cells found where?

A

Cerebral cortex.

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24
Q

Purkinje cells found where?

A

Cerebellar cortex

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25
Q

Epineuriem

A

Covers a bundle of fascicles (nerve)

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26
Q

Perineurium

A

Surrounds groups of fibers (fascicles)

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27
Q

Fascicles nerves

A

Bundles of nerve fibers

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28
Q

Endoneurium

A

Surrounds each nerve fiber

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29
Q

Functional classes of neurons

A
  1. Motor neurons (efferent)- from brain/spinal cord to effectors (muscles/glands)
  2. Sensory neurons (afferent)- from receptor to brain/spinal cord
  3. Interneurons (association)- located in brain/ spinal cord; integrate info b/n sensory and motor neurons
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30
Q

Structural classes of neurons.

A
  1. Multipolar- most motor neurons; dendrites attached to neuron attached to axon
  2. Unipolar- sensory neurons; dendrites attached to axon with neuron branching up from body of axon
  3. Bipolar- rare; found only in special sensory organs like eyes/ears; dendrites attached to line attached to neuron attached to axon.
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31
Q

White matter

A

Myelinated axons

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32
Q

Gray matter

A

Cell bodies/ dendrites

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33
Q

4 major regions of brain

A
  1. Cerebral Hemispheres (what makes us human)
    • 2 hemispheres (R&L)
      - 5 lobes
      - frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, insula (limbic)
  2. Diencephalon
    - thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus (pineal body)
  3. Brain Stem
    • midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
  4. Cerebellum
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34
Q

Gyri

A

Ridges of brain tissue.

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35
Q

Fissure

A

Deep grooves

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36
Q

Sulci

A

Shallow grooves that separate gyri

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37
Q

3 meningeal layers

A
  1. Dura mater - outermost; periosteal (attached to inner surface of skull forming periosteum) and meningeal (outermost brain covering and continuous with dura mater of spinal cord) layers
  2. Arachnoid mater - middle meninx; underlies dura mater partially separated by subdural space; tread like projections bridge subarachnoid space to attach to innermost meninx….
  3. Pia mater - inner most; highly vascular, clings tenaciously to brain surface following its convulsions.
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38
Q

Formation, circulation, drainage of CSF

A 
Choroid plexuses from each ventricle. 
Lateral ventricles. 
Interventricular foramen. 
Third ventricle. 
Cerebral aqueduct. 
Fourth ventricle. 
Either median and lateral apertures or central canal of spinal cord. 
Either subarachnoid space or filum terminale. 
Either arachnoid villi or subarachnoid space.
Dural sinuses. 
Venous blood supply. 
Capillaries and ependymal cells. 
Repeat.
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39
Q

Arachnoid villi

A

Specialized projections of the arachnoid tissue that protrude through the dura mater to allow the CSF to drain back into the venous circulation via superior sagittal sinus and other dural sinuses.

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40
Q

Dural sinuses

A

Venous channels found between dura mater in brain.
Receive blood from internal and external veins of the brain.
Receive CSF from subarachnoid space.
Empty into internal jugular vein.

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41
Q

Longitudinal fissure

A

Divides 2 hempispheres

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42
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Mostly motor function, some personality characteristics

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43
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Sensory

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44
Q

Lateral sulcus

A

Separates frontal and parietal from temporal

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45
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Auditory

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46
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Visual

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47
Q

Central sulcus

A

Divides frontal and parietal lobes

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48
Q

Precentral gyrus

A

Primary motor cortex location: all voluntary motor commands start here

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49
Q

Broca’s area

A

Motor portion of speech; say words

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50
Q

Postcentral gyrus

A

Primary sensory cortex location: all conscious sensory info goes here

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51
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

Sensory part of speech: understanding speech

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52
Q

Olfactory bulbs

A

Sensory info about smell (cranial nerve 1)

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53
Q

Optic nerves

A

Cranial nerve 2

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54
Q

Optic chiasma

A

Where Fibers of optic nerves partially cross over

55
Q

Mammillary bodies

A

Recollective memory

56
Q

Pons

A

Motor and sensory fiber tracts connecting brain with lower CNS centers.

57
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Controls heart rate, respiratory rhythm, blood pressure, involuntary things like vomiting, swallowing

58
Q

Cerebellum

A

Unconscious movement

59
Q

Arbor vitae

A

Brings motor and sensory info to and from cerebellum.

60
Q

Corpora quadridemina

A

Refers to colliculi all together

61
Q

Superior colliculi

A

Visual reflex centers

62
Q

Inferior colliculi

A

Auditory reflex centers

63
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Largest commissure connecting left and right sides

64
Q

Fornix

A

Band like fiber tract concerned with olfaction and limbic system functions

65
Q

Septum pellucidum

A

Separates lateral ventricles of cerebral hemispheres

66
Q

Anterior commissure

A

Pain, smell, memory, emotion,speech, hearing, instinct, sexual behavior.

67
Q

Posterior commissure

A

Pupillary light reflex

68
Q

Thalamus

A

All sensory info headed TO brain has to go through here

69
Q

Intermediate mass

A

Connects two thalamic lobes and bridges the ventricle

70
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Homeostasis: major regulator of autonomic nervous center, controls almost whole endocrine system.

71
Q

Infundibulum

A

Connects hypothalamus to pituitary gland

72
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Controls all other endocrine that hypothalamus doesn’t

73
Q

Interventricular foramen

A

Hole that connects third ventricle with lateral ventricle on the same side.

74
Q

Pineal body

A

Secretes melatonin: makes you sleepy

75
Q

Lateral ventricles

A

Protects brain from trauma.

Pathway for CSF circulation.

76
Q

Third ventricle

A

Protection of brain from trauma.

Pathway for CSF

77
Q

Fourth ventricle

A

Forms central canal of spinal cord.

Protects brain from trauma.

78
Q

Cerebral aqueduct

A

Allows CSF to flow between 3rd and 4th ventricles

79
Q

Choroid plexus

A

Small capillary knots hanging from the roof of ventricles in the brain that forms CSF

80
Q

Tract

A

Bundle of axons traveling together in CNS carrying similar info

81
Q

Nucleus

A

Cluster of cell bodies in CNS

82
Q

Ganglion

A

Cluster of cell bodies in PNS

83
Q

Conus medullaris

A

Cone shaped area spinal cord ends

84
Q

Cauda equina

A

Collection of spinal nerves traversing inferior end of vertebral column.

85
Q

Filum terminale

A

Fibrous extension of the pia mater that attaches to the coccyx

86
Q

Which tracts are ascending?

A

Sensory

87
Q

Which tracts are descending?

A

Motor

88
Q

Fasciculus gracilis

A

Sensory, ascending

89
Q

Fasciculus cuneatus

A

Ascending, sensory

90
Q

Lateral spinothalamic tract

A

Ascending, sensory

91
Q

Anterior spinothalamic tract

A

Ascending, sensory

92
Q

Lateral corticospinal tract

A

Motor, descending

93
Q

Anterior corticospinal tract

A

Motor ,descending.

94
Q

What type of nervous tissue are ependymal cells?

A

Neuroglia of CNS

95
Q

Phrenic nerve

A

Cervical plexus, imnervates the diaphragm

96
Q

Axillary nerve

A

Brachial plexus, deltoid and teres minor

97
Q

Musculocutaneous nerve

A

Brachial plexus; biceps brachii, brachialis, coracobrachialis (flexor muscles In anterior arm)

98
Q

Median nerve

A

Brachial plexus; flexor group of anterior forearm, intrinsic muscles of lateral palm, fingers

99
Q

Ulnar nerve

A

Brachial plexus; flexor muscles in anterior forearm, hand muscles

100
Q

Radial nerve

A

Brachial plexus; posterior arm muscles, posterior forearm, hand

101
Q

Femoral nerve

A

Lumbar plexus; anterior muscles like quads and sartorious, pectineus, iliacus

102
Q

Sciatic nerve

A

Sacral plexus; proximal to the knee

103
Q

Tibial nerve

A

Sacral plexus; back of thigh, leg, foot

104
Q

Common fibular nerve

A

Sacral plexus; short head of biceps femoris of thigh, fibularis muscles of lateral compartment leg, tibialis anterior, extensor muscles of toes

105
Q

Reflex

A

Rapid, predictable, involuntary motor responses to stimuli

106
Q

Reflex arc

A

Neural pathway where reflexes are mediated

107
Q

Elements of a reflex arc

A
  1. Receptor: site of stimulus action
  2. Sensory neuron: transmits afferent impulses to CNS
  3. Integration Center: consists of one or more neurons in CNS
  4. Motor neuron: conducts efferent impulses from integration center to an effector organ
  5. Effector: muscle fibers or glands that respond to efferent impulses characteristically
108
Q

Why is reflex testing important?

A

Distorted, exaggerated, or absent reflexes may indicate degeneration or pathology of portions of the nervous system often Before other signs are apparent.

109
Q

Types of reflex activities

A
  1. Stretch reflex: important postural reflexes acting to maintain posture, balance, and locomotion; initiated by tapping a tendon which stretches the muscle attached (patellar, Achilles’)
  2. Plantar reflex: important neurological test; stimulate cutaneous receptors in sole of foot
  3. Gag reflex: test somatic motor responses of cranial nerves 9 and 10; stroke oral mucosa on side of uvula to make them rise to equal levels
  4. Pupillary reflex: eyes; shine a light and see if it closes
110
Q

Babinski’s sign

A

Abnormal response where toes flare and great toes moves upward direction in reaction to plantar reflex stim.

111
Q

Normal plantar reflex response

A

Toes flex and move closer.

112
Q

Abnormal plantar response indicates?

A

Damage to the pyramidal (corticospinal tract)

113
Q

What cranial nerves are tested in gag reflex?

A

9,10

114
Q

What cranial nerves are tested in pupillary reflex?

A

2,3

115
Q

Monosynaptic arc

A

Simple two-neuron arc

116
Q

Polysynaptic arc

A

Most reflexes

Involves one or more interneurons

117
Q

Contralateral reflex arc

A

Any reflex observed on one side of body when other side was stimulated

118
Q

Ipsilateral reflex arc

A

Any reflex occurring on same side stimulated

119
Q

Intersegmental reflex arc

A

Polysynaptic

Impulses received in one place then sent superior and inferior ok spinal cord to enact a bunch of muscles.

120
Q

Location of afferent neuron cell bodies (sensory)?

A

Just outside the spinal cord. PNS

121
Q

Location if efferent neuron cell bodies? (Motor)

A

Inside the spinal cord. CNS

122
Q

Bell’s palsy

A

paralysis of the facial nerve, causing muscular weakness in one side of the face.

123
Q

Cranial nerve I

A

Olfactory
Sensory
Function: olfactory mucosa; sense of smell
Test: sniff aromatics like oil of cloves or vanilla and identify each
Foramen: cribriform plate

124
Q

Cranial nerve II

A 
Optic
Sensory
Function: retina of eye
Test: eye chart; testing at which point person first sees object moving into visual field
Foramen: optic canal
125
Q

Cranial nerve III

A

Oculomotor
Motor
Function: eyelids; 4 of 6 of the extrinsic eye muscles; lens and iris
Test: pupils examined for size, shape, equality; pupillary reflex tested with pen light; convergence for near vision; ability to follow objects with eyes
Foramen: superior orbital fissure

126
Q

Cranial nerve IV

A 
Trochlear
Motor
Function: superior oblique muscle of eye
Test: like CN III
Foramen: superior orbital fissure
127
Q

Cranial nerve V

A

Trigeminal
Both
Function: sensory innervation of the face; muscles of mastication
Test: pain tested with safety pin, got and cold, wisp of cotton; clench teeth then open against resistance, move jaw side to side
Foramen: mandibular-foramen ovale; maxillary-foramen rotundum; ophthalmic- superior orbital fissure

128
Q

Cranial nerve VI

A 
Abducens
Motor
Function: lateral rectus muscle of the eye
Test: same as CN III
Foramen: superior orbital fissure
129
Q

Cranial nerve VII

A

Facial
Both
Function: taste, anterior 2/3 of tongue; facial expression; saliva and tear glands
Test: taste sweet, salty, sour, bitter; symmetry of face by close eyes, smile, whistle; tearing by ammonia fumes
Foramen: internal acoustic meatus (enter); stylomastoid foramen (exit)
Disorder: Bell’s palsy

130
Q

Cranial nerve VIII

A

Vestibulocochlear
Sensory
Function: vestibular div- equilibrium; cochlear- hearing
Test: air and bone conduction using tuning fork
Foramen: internal acoustic meatus

131
Q

Cranial nerve IX

A

Glossopharyngeal
Both
Function: pharyngeal muscles; taste post 1/3 of tongue
Test: tongue depressor checks position of uvula; gag and swallowing checked; speak and cough; taste
Foramen: jugular foramen

132
Q

Cranial nerve X

A 
Vagus
Both
Function: abdominal and thoracic
Test: same as IX
Foramen: jugular foramen
133
Q

Cranial nerve XI

A

Accessory
Motor
Function: trapezius and sternocleudomastoid
Test: checked for strength by rotating head and shrugging shoulders against resistance
Foramen: jugular foramen

134
Q

Cranial nerve XII

A

Hypoglossal
Motor
Function: intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles
Test: protrude and retract tongue, deviations in position noted
Foramen: hypoglossal canal

Lab Practical 3 (1 decks)

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