Lab Practical 3 Flashcards
0
Q
Structure of skeletal muscle from microscopic to gross anatomy
A
Myofilaments (actin/myosin) Myofibrils Fiber Endomysium (CT covers fiber) Fascicles Perimysium (CT covers fascicles) Group of fascicles (muscle) Epimysium (CT covers muscle)
1
Q
Saltatory conduction
A
Action potential leaping over parts of myelin sheath to move faster
2
Q
Muscle fiber
A
Cells of muscle.
Work together with neuron to allow motion.
3
Q
Myofibril
A
Groups of these make a fiber.
Lie below sarcolemma.
Give striped appearance.
4
Q
Myofilament
A
Threadlike structures that make up myofibrils.
Actin/myosin proteins.
Allow contraction of muscles.
Banding appearance.
5
Q
Actin
A
Thin filament.
Slides past myosin to allow contraction.
6
Q
Myosin
A
Thick filament.
Combines with actin to allow muscle contraction.
7
Q
Aponeurosis
A
Sheet like CT that attaches muscles to eachother or bones.
8
Q
Tendon
A
Strong cordlike.
Provide durability and conserve space.
Can span rough bony parts that would otherwise harm muscle.
Can pass over joints.
9
Q
Epimysium
A
Coarse overcoat of dense CT that holds a large group of fascicles together. Aka, covers whole Muscle.
10
Q
Perimysium
A
Collagenic membrane that wraps fascicles.
11
Q
Endomysium
A
Delicate areolar CT sheath that covers each fiber.
12
Q
Neuromuscular junction structure
A
Axon terminal Synaptic end bulbs Skeletal muscle fiber Synaptic cleft Synaptic vesicles Motor end plate
13
Q
Function of neuromuscular junction in muscle function
A
Nerve impulse reaches axon terminal.
Synaptic vesicles release acetylcholine (ACh) into synaptic cleft.
ACh diffuse across junction combining with receptors on sarcolemma.
Permeability in sarcolemma changes.
Channels allow both Na and K ions to pass.
More Na diffuses into fiber than K diffuses out so depolarization of sarcolemma happens causing contraction of muscle fiber.
14
Q
Neuroglia of CNS (brain and spinal cord)
A
- Astrocyte - create blood brain barrier
- Microglia - phagocytosis
- Ependymal cells - produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), help to circulate it
- Oligodendrocyte - produce myelin and wrap it around axons
15
Q
Neuroglia in PNS
A
- Schwann cells - produce myelin and wrap it around axons of neurons
- Satellite cells - provide structural support to neurons and regulate exchange of nutrients and wastes to neurons
16
Q
Dendrites
A
Receiving end of neuron
17
Q
Neuron
A
Nerve cell.
Transmits action potentials/impulses.
18
Q
Axon
A
Transmitting end of neuron.
19
Q
Neuroglia
A
Serve the needs of the neuron by bracing and protecting them.
20
Q
Cell body of neuron
A
Main part from which slender processes extend.
Make up gray matter of nervous system.
21
Q
Node of ranvier
A
Gaps in the myelin sheath.
22
Q
Nissl bodies
A
Elaborate type of rough endoplasmic reticulum that are involved in the metabolic activities of the cell.
23
Q
Pyramidal cells found where?
A
Cerebral cortex.
24
Purkinje cells found where?
Cerebellar cortex
25
Epineuriem
Covers a bundle of fascicles (nerve)
26
Perineurium
Surrounds groups of fibers (fascicles)
27
Fascicles nerves
Bundles of nerve fibers
28
Endoneurium
Surrounds each nerve fiber
29
Functional classes of neurons
1. Motor neurons (efferent)- from brain/spinal cord to effectors (muscles/glands)
2. Sensory neurons (afferent)- from receptor to brain/spinal cord
3. Interneurons (association)- located in brain/ spinal cord; integrate info b/n sensory and motor neurons
30
Structural classes of neurons.
1. Multipolar- most motor neurons; dendrites attached to neuron attached to axon
2. Unipolar- sensory neurons; dendrites attached to axon with neuron branching up from body of axon
3. Bipolar- rare; found only in special sensory organs like eyes/ears; dendrites attached to line attached to neuron attached to axon.
31
White matter
Myelinated axons
32
Gray matter
Cell bodies/ dendrites
33
4 major regions of brain
1. Cerebral Hemispheres (what makes us human)
- 2 hemispheres (R&L)
- 5 lobes
- frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, insula (limbic)
2. Diencephalon
- thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus (pineal body)
3. Brain Stem
- midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
4. Cerebellum
34
Gyri
Ridges of brain tissue.
35
Fissure
Deep grooves
36
Sulci
Shallow grooves that separate gyri
37
3 meningeal layers
1. Dura mater - outermost; periosteal (attached to inner surface of skull forming periosteum) and meningeal (outermost brain covering and continuous with dura mater of spinal cord) layers
2. Arachnoid mater - middle meninx; underlies dura mater partially separated by subdural space; tread like projections bridge subarachnoid space to attach to innermost meninx....
3. Pia mater - inner most; highly vascular, clings tenaciously to brain surface following its convulsions.
38
Formation, circulation, drainage of CSF
```
Choroid plexuses from each ventricle.
Lateral ventricles.
Interventricular foramen.
Third ventricle.
Cerebral aqueduct.
Fourth ventricle.
Either median and lateral apertures or central canal of spinal cord.
Either subarachnoid space or filum terminale.
Either arachnoid villi or subarachnoid space.
Dural sinuses.
Venous blood supply.
Capillaries and ependymal cells.
Repeat.
```
39
Arachnoid villi
Specialized projections of the arachnoid tissue that protrude through the dura mater to allow the CSF to drain back into the venous circulation via superior sagittal sinus and other dural sinuses.
40
Dural sinuses
Venous channels found between dura mater in brain.
Receive blood from internal and external veins of the brain.
Receive CSF from subarachnoid space.
Empty into internal jugular vein.
41
Longitudinal fissure
Divides 2 hempispheres
42
Frontal lobe
Mostly motor function, some personality characteristics
43
Parietal lobe
Sensory
44
Lateral sulcus
Separates frontal and parietal from temporal
45
Temporal lobe
Auditory
46
Occipital lobe
Visual
47
Central sulcus
Divides frontal and parietal lobes
48
Precentral gyrus
Primary motor cortex location: all voluntary motor commands start here
49
Broca's area
Motor portion of speech; say words
50
Postcentral gyrus
Primary sensory cortex location: all conscious sensory info goes here
51
Wernicke's area
Sensory part of speech: understanding speech
52
Olfactory bulbs
Sensory info about smell (cranial nerve 1)
53
Optic nerves
Cranial nerve 2
54
Optic chiasma
Where Fibers of optic nerves partially cross over
55
Mammillary bodies
Recollective memory
56
Pons
Motor and sensory fiber tracts connecting brain with lower CNS centers.
57
Medulla oblongata
Controls heart rate, respiratory rhythm, blood pressure, involuntary things like vomiting, swallowing
58
Cerebellum
Unconscious movement
59
Arbor vitae
Brings motor and sensory info to and from cerebellum.
60
Corpora quadridemina
Refers to colliculi all together
61
Superior colliculi
Visual reflex centers
62
Inferior colliculi
Auditory reflex centers
63
Corpus callosum
Largest commissure connecting left and right sides
64
Fornix
Band like fiber tract concerned with olfaction and limbic system functions
65
Septum pellucidum
Separates lateral ventricles of cerebral hemispheres
66
Anterior commissure
Pain, smell, memory, emotion,speech, hearing, instinct, sexual behavior.
67
Posterior commissure
Pupillary light reflex
68
Thalamus
All sensory info headed TO brain has to go through here
69
Intermediate mass
Connects two thalamic lobes and bridges the ventricle
70
Hypothalamus
Homeostasis: major regulator of autonomic nervous center, controls almost whole endocrine system.
71
Infundibulum
Connects hypothalamus to pituitary gland
72
Pituitary gland
Controls all other endocrine that hypothalamus doesn't
73
Interventricular foramen
Hole that connects third ventricle with lateral ventricle on the same side.
74
Pineal body
Secretes melatonin: makes you sleepy
75
Lateral ventricles
Protects brain from trauma.
| Pathway for CSF circulation.
76
Third ventricle
Protection of brain from trauma.
| Pathway for CSF
77
Fourth ventricle
Forms central canal of spinal cord.
| Protects brain from trauma.
78
Cerebral aqueduct
Allows CSF to flow between 3rd and 4th ventricles
79
Choroid plexus
Small capillary knots hanging from the roof of ventricles in the brain that forms CSF
80
Tract
Bundle of axons traveling together in CNS carrying similar info
81
Nucleus
Cluster of cell bodies in CNS
82
Ganglion
Cluster of cell bodies in PNS
83
Conus medullaris
Cone shaped area spinal cord ends
84
Cauda equina
Collection of spinal nerves traversing inferior end of vertebral column.
85
Filum terminale
Fibrous extension of the pia mater that attaches to the coccyx
86
Which tracts are ascending?
Sensory
87
Which tracts are descending?
Motor
88
Fasciculus gracilis
Sensory, ascending
89
Fasciculus cuneatus
Ascending, sensory
90
Lateral spinothalamic tract
Ascending, sensory
91
Anterior spinothalamic tract
Ascending, sensory
92
Lateral corticospinal tract
Motor, descending
93
Anterior corticospinal tract
Motor ,descending.
94
What type of nervous tissue are ependymal cells?
Neuroglia of CNS
95
Phrenic nerve
Cervical plexus, imnervates the diaphragm
96
Axillary nerve
Brachial plexus, deltoid and teres minor
97
Musculocutaneous nerve
Brachial plexus; biceps brachii, brachialis, coracobrachialis (flexor muscles In anterior arm)
98
Median nerve
Brachial plexus; flexor group of anterior forearm, intrinsic muscles of lateral palm, fingers
99
Ulnar nerve
Brachial plexus; flexor muscles in anterior forearm, hand muscles
100
Radial nerve
Brachial plexus; posterior arm muscles, posterior forearm, hand
101
Femoral nerve
Lumbar plexus; anterior muscles like quads and sartorious, pectineus, iliacus
102
Sciatic nerve
Sacral plexus; proximal to the knee
103
Tibial nerve
Sacral plexus; back of thigh, leg, foot
104
Common fibular nerve
Sacral plexus; short head of biceps femoris of thigh, fibularis muscles of lateral compartment leg, tibialis anterior, extensor muscles of toes
105
Reflex
Rapid, predictable, involuntary motor responses to stimuli
106
Reflex arc
Neural pathway where reflexes are mediated
107
Elements of a reflex arc
1. Receptor: site of stimulus action
2. Sensory neuron: transmits afferent impulses to CNS
3. Integration Center: consists of one or more neurons in CNS
4. Motor neuron: conducts efferent impulses from integration center to an effector organ
5. Effector: muscle fibers or glands that respond to efferent impulses characteristically
108
Why is reflex testing important?
Distorted, exaggerated, or absent reflexes may indicate degeneration or pathology of portions of the nervous system often Before other signs are apparent.
109
Types of reflex activities
1. Stretch reflex: important postural reflexes acting to maintain posture, balance, and locomotion; initiated by tapping a tendon which stretches the muscle attached (patellar, Achilles')
2. Plantar reflex: important neurological test; stimulate cutaneous receptors in sole of foot
3. Gag reflex: test somatic motor responses of cranial nerves 9 and 10; stroke oral mucosa on side of uvula to make them rise to equal levels
4. Pupillary reflex: eyes; shine a light and see if it closes
110
Babinski's sign
Abnormal response where toes flare and great toes moves upward direction in reaction to plantar reflex stim.
111
Normal plantar reflex response
Toes flex and move closer.
112
Abnormal plantar response indicates?
Damage to the pyramidal (corticospinal tract)
113
What cranial nerves are tested in gag reflex?
9,10
114
What cranial nerves are tested in pupillary reflex?
2,3
115
Monosynaptic arc
Simple two-neuron arc
116
Polysynaptic arc
Most reflexes
| Involves one or more interneurons
117
Contralateral reflex arc
Any reflex observed on one side of body when other side was stimulated
118
Ipsilateral reflex arc
Any reflex occurring on same side stimulated
119
Intersegmental reflex arc
Polysynaptic
| Impulses received in one place then sent superior and inferior ok spinal cord to enact a bunch of muscles.
120
Location of afferent neuron cell bodies (sensory)?
Just outside the spinal cord. PNS
121
Location if efferent neuron cell bodies? (Motor)
Inside the spinal cord. CNS
122
Bell's palsy
paralysis of the facial nerve, causing muscular weakness in one side of the face.
123
Cranial nerve I
Olfactory
Sensory
Function: olfactory mucosa; sense of smell
Test: sniff aromatics like oil of cloves or vanilla and identify each
Foramen: cribriform plate
124
Cranial nerve II
```
Optic
Sensory
Function: retina of eye
Test: eye chart; testing at which point person first sees object moving into visual field
Foramen: optic canal
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125
Cranial nerve III
Oculomotor
Motor
Function: eyelids; 4 of 6 of the extrinsic eye muscles; lens and iris
Test: pupils examined for size, shape, equality; pupillary reflex tested with pen light; convergence for near vision; ability to follow objects with eyes
Foramen: superior orbital fissure
126
Cranial nerve IV
```
Trochlear
Motor
Function: superior oblique muscle of eye
Test: like CN III
Foramen: superior orbital fissure
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127
Cranial nerve V
Trigeminal
Both
Function: sensory innervation of the face; muscles of mastication
Test: pain tested with safety pin, got and cold, wisp of cotton; clench teeth then open against resistance, move jaw side to side
Foramen: mandibular-foramen ovale; maxillary-foramen rotundum; ophthalmic- superior orbital fissure
128
Cranial nerve VI
```
Abducens
Motor
Function: lateral rectus muscle of the eye
Test: same as CN III
Foramen: superior orbital fissure
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129
Cranial nerve VII
Facial
Both
Function: taste, anterior 2/3 of tongue; facial expression; saliva and tear glands
Test: taste sweet, salty, sour, bitter; symmetry of face by close eyes, smile, whistle; tearing by ammonia fumes
Foramen: internal acoustic meatus (enter); stylomastoid foramen (exit)
Disorder: Bell's palsy
130
Cranial nerve VIII
Vestibulocochlear
Sensory
Function: vestibular div- equilibrium; cochlear- hearing
Test: air and bone conduction using tuning fork
Foramen: internal acoustic meatus
131
Cranial nerve IX
Glossopharyngeal
Both
Function: pharyngeal muscles; taste post 1/3 of tongue
Test: tongue depressor checks position of uvula; gag and swallowing checked; speak and cough; taste
Foramen: jugular foramen
132
Cranial nerve X
```
Vagus
Both
Function: abdominal and thoracic
Test: same as IX
Foramen: jugular foramen
```
133
Cranial nerve XI
Accessory
Motor
Function: trapezius and sternocleudomastoid
Test: checked for strength by rotating head and shrugging shoulders against resistance
Foramen: jugular foramen
134
Cranial nerve XII
Hypoglossal
Motor
Function: intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles
Test: protrude and retract tongue, deviations in position noted
Foramen: hypoglossal canal
