Lab Practical 2 (Cellular Respiration & Fermentation, Cell Division, and Genetics)

Question 1

Metabolism

Answer 1

series of chemical processes that occur in cells to provide an organism with the energy it needs for life processes

Question 2

Cellular Respiration Formula

Answer 2

C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 –> 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O + ATP

Question 3

enzymes

Answer 3

Proteins, required to catalyze the metabolic reactions

Question 4

What is ATP?

Answer 4

adenosine triphosphate, it is an energy-carrier molecule

Question 5

Oxidation

Answer 5

occurs when electrons are lost

Question 6

reduction

Answer 6

occurs when electrons are accepted

Question 7

What happens during oxidation-reduction or redox reactions?

Answer 7

When electrons are transferred from one molecule to another

Question 8

What are the stages of cellular respiration?

Answer 8

glycolysis, citric acid cycle/ krebs cycle, and electron transfer phophorylation

Question 9

What is glycolysis?

Answer 9

1st stage of cellular respiration. Occurs in cytoplasm. Glucose is converted to 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH and 4 ATP form, 2 ATP is used to begin reactions. NO OXYGEN REQUIRED!
Net yield is 2 ATP

Question 10

What is the citric acid cycle/ krebs cycle?

Answer 10

2nd stage of cellular respiration. Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. Pyruvic acid from glycolysis is broken down into carbon dioxide and water through a series of reactions that occur here and electron transport.
Gain 2 more ATP

Question 11

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

Answer 11

Last stage of cellular respiration. Occurs in the mitochondrial membrane. Involves electron transport and chemiosmosis.
Gain 32 ATP

Question 12

chemiosmosis

Answer 12

forced diffusion of hydrogen ions

Question 13

Fermentation

Answer 13

an anaerobic pathway that breaks down glucose, but which does not use oxygen nor an electron transport chain

Question 14

What is lactic fermentation and when does it occur?

Answer 14

NADH is oxidized to NAD+ and pyruvate is reduced to lactate.
Muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation when ATP is consumed faster than oxygen is being supplied to the cells. Used in bacteria to create cheese and yogurt.

Question 15

What is alcoholic fermentation and when does it occur?

Answer 15

Reduces NADH to NAD+, converts pyruvate to ethyl alcohol (ethanol) and CO2.
Yeast produces beer, wine and bread, cereal.

Question 16

What does DNA stand for?

Answer 16

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Question 17

What is DNA composed of?

Answer 17

A coiled double helical strand of nucleotides.
The backbone is deoxyribose sugars and phosphate groups
4 nitrogenous bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine)

Question 18

chromatin

Answer 18

mixture of DNA and proteins that form chromosomes

Question 19

diploid cells

Answer 19

cells that are not sex cells
have 2 sets of 23 chromosomes (46 total)

Question 20

haploid cells

Answer 20

sex cells (sperm and egg)
only one set of chromosomes (23)

Question 21

mitosis

Answer 21

the process by which cells reproduce (except for haploid cells)

Question 22

cell cycle

Answer 22

Cycle cells go through going from a parent cells to 2 daughter cells

Question 23

which phase of the cell cycle is the longest?

Answer 23

interphase (G1, S, and G2)

Question 24

What are the 4 phases of the cell cycle?

Answer 24

G1, S, G2, and M

Question 25

What is G1?

Answer 25

1st stage. Cell growth. DNA is present in chromatin

Question 26

What is S?

Answer 26

2nd stage. DNA Synthesis. DNA & chromosomes are duplicated. Still uncondensed

Question 27

What is G2?

Answer 27

3rd stage. Cell grows and prepares for mitosis.

Question 28

What is M?

Answer 28

Last stage. Cell division occurs here. Mitosis :)

Question 29

What are the stages of mitosis?

Answer 29

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

Question 30

What is a centromere?

Answer 30

the center that holds chromosomes together

Question 31

What occurs in prophase?

Answer 31

Chromatin condenses into chromosomes. Nuclear envelope disappears. Spindle microtubules assemble and attach to centromeres.

Question 32

What occurs in metaphase?

Answer 32

Chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell called the metaphase plate.

Question 33

What occurs in anaphase?

Answer 33

"A for away" Spindles separate chromatids and move them toward opposite spindle poles.

Question 34

What occurs in telophase?

Answer 34

2 nuclear envelopes form, cytoplasm splits thanks to cytokinesis

Question 35

What is the difference between a cleavage furrow and a cell plate?

Answer 35

Cleavage furrow appears during telophase in animal cells. Cell plate forms in plant cells.

Question 36

What is meiosis? and what is the product?

Answer 36

nuclear division of sex cells starts with a single diploid parent cells and ends with 4 haploid gamete cells PMAT twice genetic material is exchanged here

Question 37

What are gamete cells?

Answer 37

required for sexual reproduction haploid cells

Question 38

What is crossing over and when does it occur?

Answer 38

When crossing over occurs between two homologous chromosomes, they can exchange different alleles for the same gene(s); the result is that two new recombinant chromosomes would be produced

Question 39

What occurs during meiosis I?

Answer 39

separation of homologous pairs

Question 40

What occurs during meiosis II?

Answer 40

Each daughter cell resulting from meiosis I, then undergoes the meiosis II division to separate each pair of sister chromatids.

Question 41

phenotype

Answer 41

the traits that are PHYSICALLY EXPRESSED

Question 42

allele

Answer 42

different versions of a gene

Question 43

gene

Answer 43

unit of DNA

Question 44

difference between characters and traits?

Answer 44

characters are important heritable feature, each has 2 variations called traits

Question 45

Possible Mendelian Ratios

Answer 45

1:1 3:1 1:2:1 1:1:1:1 9:3:3:1

Question 46

What is a genotype?

Answer 46

genetic makeup expressed in letters

Question 47

codominant

Answer 47

full & separate effects of 2 alleles are apparent in heterozygous individuals

Question 48

incomplete dominance

Answer 48

one allele not fully dominant over the other a mix between the 2 parents

Question 49

Turner's syndrome

Answer 49

Only one X chromosome (XO) female, short in stature, neck webbing is common, often have non-functioning ovaries which causes infertility

Question 50

Klinefelter's syndrome

Answer 50

male, taller than average, often sterile with under-developed sexual structures, enlarged breasts. XXY

Question 51

Trisomy X

Answer 51

female, often taller than average, physical appearance can range from typical to resembling those with Turner's syndrome, some intellectual disabilities may be present. Most experience normal sexual development and fertility. XXX

Question 52

Down Syndrome

Answer 52

short in stature, distinct facial appearance with protruding tongue, slanted eye lids, wide/webbed neck, intellectual and developmental delays can range from mild to severe. XXX in 21st position

Question 53

Jacob's Syndrome

Answer 53

male, taller than average, symptoms can vary from very mild to more severe, low muscle tone, some developmental delays and behavioral disorders can occur. XYY