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Biology > Lab Practical 2 (Cellular Respiration & Fermentation, Cell Division, and Genetics) > Flashcards

Lab Practical 2 (Cellular Respiration & Fermentation, Cell Division, and Genetics) Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Metabolism

A

series of chemical processes that occur in cells to provide an organism with the energy it needs for life processes

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2
Q

Cellular Respiration Formula

A

C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 –> 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O + ATP

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3
Q

enzymes

A

Proteins, required to catalyze the metabolic reactions

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4
Q

What is ATP?

A

adenosine triphosphate, it is an energy-carrier molecule

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5
Q

Oxidation

A

occurs when electrons are lost

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6
Q

reduction

A

occurs when electrons are accepted

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7
Q

What happens during oxidation-reduction or redox reactions?

A

When electrons are transferred from one molecule to another

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8
Q

What are the stages of cellular respiration?

A

glycolysis, citric acid cycle/ krebs cycle, and electron transfer phophorylation

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9
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

1st stage of cellular respiration. Occurs in cytoplasm. Glucose is converted to 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH and 4 ATP form, 2 ATP is used to begin reactions. NO OXYGEN REQUIRED!
Net yield is 2 ATP

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10
Q

What is the citric acid cycle/ krebs cycle?

A

2nd stage of cellular respiration. Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. Pyruvic acid from glycolysis is broken down into carbon dioxide and water through a series of reactions that occur here and electron transport.
Gain 2 more ATP

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11
Q

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Last stage of cellular respiration. Occurs in the mitochondrial membrane. Involves electron transport and chemiosmosis.
Gain 32 ATP

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12
Q

chemiosmosis

A

forced diffusion of hydrogen ions

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13
Q

Fermentation

A

an anaerobic pathway that breaks down glucose, but which does not use oxygen nor an electron transport chain

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14
Q

What is lactic fermentation and when does it occur?

A

NADH is oxidized to NAD+ and pyruvate is reduced to lactate.
Muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation when ATP is consumed faster than oxygen is being supplied to the cells. Used in bacteria to create cheese and yogurt.

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15
Q

What is alcoholic fermentation and when does it occur?

A

Reduces NADH to NAD+, converts pyruvate to ethyl alcohol (ethanol) and CO2.
Yeast produces beer, wine and bread, cereal.

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16
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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17
Q

What is DNA composed of?

A

A coiled double helical strand of nucleotides.
The backbone is deoxyribose sugars and phosphate groups
4 nitrogenous bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine)

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18
Q

chromatin

A

mixture of DNA and proteins that form chromosomes

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19
Q

diploid cells

A

cells that are not sex cells
have 2 sets of 23 chromosomes (46 total)

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20
Q

haploid cells

A

sex cells (sperm and egg)
only one set of chromosomes (23)

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21
Q

mitosis

A

the process by which cells reproduce (except for haploid cells)

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22
Q

cell cycle

A

Cycle cells go through going from a parent cells to 2 daughter cells

23
Q

which phase of the cell cycle is the longest?

A

interphase (G1, S, and G2)

24
Q

What are the 4 phases of the cell cycle?

A

G1, S, G2, and M

25
Q

What is G1?

A

1st stage. Cell growth.
DNA is present in chromatin

26
Q

What is S?

A

2nd stage. DNA Synthesis.
DNA & chromosomes are duplicated. Still uncondensed

27
Q

What is G2?

A

3rd stage. Cell grows and prepares for mitosis.

28
Q

What is M?

A

Last stage. Cell division occurs here. Mitosis :)

29
Q

What are the stages of mitosis?

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

30
Q

What is a centromere?

A

the center that holds chromosomes together

31
Q

What occurs in prophase?

A

Chromatin condenses into chromosomes.
Nuclear envelope disappears.
Spindle microtubules assemble and attach to centromeres.

32
Q

What occurs in metaphase?

A

Chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell called the metaphase plate.

33
Q

What occurs in anaphase?

A

“A for away”
Spindles separate chromatids and move them toward opposite spindle poles.

34
Q

What occurs in telophase?

A

2 nuclear envelopes form, cytoplasm splits thanks to cytokinesis

35
Q

What is the difference between a cleavage furrow and a cell plate?

A

Cleavage furrow appears during telophase in animal cells.
Cell plate forms in plant cells.

36
Q

What is meiosis? and what is the product?

A

nuclear division of sex cells
starts with a single diploid parent cells and ends with 4 haploid gamete cells
PMAT twice
genetic material is exchanged here

37
Q

What are gamete cells?

A

required for sexual reproduction
haploid cells

38
Q

What is crossing over and when does it occur?

A

When crossing over occurs between two homologous chromosomes, they can exchange different alleles for the same gene(s); the result is that two new recombinant chromosomes would be produced

39
Q

What occurs during meiosis I?

A

separation of homologous pairs

40
Q

What occurs during meiosis II?

A

Each daughter cell resulting from meiosis I, then undergoes the meiosis II division to separate each pair of sister chromatids.

41
Q

phenotype

A

the traits that are PHYSICALLY EXPRESSED

42
Q

allele

A

different versions of a gene

43
Q

gene

A

unit of DNA

44
Q

difference between characters and traits?

A

characters are important heritable feature, each has 2 variations called traits

45
Q

Possible Mendelian Ratios

A

1:1

3:1

1:2:1

1:1:1:1

9:3:3:1

46
Q

What is a genotype?

A

genetic makeup expressed in letters

47
Q

codominant

A

full & separate effects of 2 alleles are apparent in heterozygous individuals

48
Q

incomplete dominance

A

one allele not fully dominant over the other
a mix between the 2 parents

49
Q

Turner’s syndrome

A

Only one X chromosome (XO)
female, short in stature, neck webbing is common, often have non-functioning ovaries which causes infertility

50
Q

Klinefelter’s syndrome

A

male, taller than average, often sterile with under-developed sexual structures, enlarged breasts.
XXY

51
Q

Trisomy X

A

female, often taller than average, physical appearance can range from typical to resembling those with Turner’s syndrome, some intellectual disabilities may be present. Most experience normal sexual development and fertility.
XXX

52
Q

Down Syndrome

A

short in stature, distinct facial appearance with protruding tongue, slanted eye lids, wide/webbed neck, intellectual and developmental delays can range from mild to severe.
XXX in 21st position

53
Q

Jacob’s Syndrome

A

male, taller than average, symptoms can vary from very mild to more severe, low muscle tone, some developmental delays and behavioral disorders can occur.
XYY

Biology (1 decks)

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