Lab Practical 2

Question 1

Bryophytes differ from most land plants because they lack

Answer 1

Vascuclar tissue

Question 2

Term for the life cycle of plant species where both the diploid and the haploid phases of the life cycle are multicellular

Answer 2

Alternation of Generations

Question 3

As a result of no vascular tissue, plant form and structure in mosses are limited in several ways:

Answer 3

1. Cannot grow very large bc no strong supporting tissue to keep body erect
2. Must live in damp places bc root like rhizoids do not penetrate deep into the soil
3. The photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic parts must be close together bc there is no vascular tissue to transport nutrients

Question 4

Life cycle of a moss:

Answer 4

[Fertilization-Zygote-Mitosis-Embryo-Mitosis-Gametophyte, sporophyte, capsule, spores] Diploid [Meiosis-Spores-Mitosis-Female/male gametophyte-Mitosis-Archegonium (egg)/Antheridium (sperm)]

Question 5

Which is the dominant generation in mosses?

Answer 5

Gametophyte

Question 6

Is the moss sporophyte haploid or diploid?

Answer 6

The moss sporophyte is haploid and the gametophyte is diploid.

Question 7

What is the function of the foot at the base of the seta?

Answer 7

The foot is how the sporophyte is connected to the gametophyte or bottom of the stalk.

Question 8

What type of cell division gives rise to spores?

Answer 8

Meiosis, spores are haploid

Question 9

Why are the spores released as high above ground as possible?

Answer 9

So that they can be carried by the wind.

Question 10

When a spore germinates, what does it initially become?

Answer 10

Gametophyte

Question 11

Lycophytes

Answer 11

Club and spike mosses, dominant sporophyte possessing true vascular tissue and leaves with a single vein

Question 12

Life cycle of a fern:

Answer 12

[Fertilization (zygote)-Mitosis (embryo)-Mitosis-Gametophyte with young sporophyte-Mitosis-Sporophyte (Leaves, fiddlehead rhizome, roots)-Sorus (Sporangium in indusium)-Sporangium] Diploid [Meiosis-Spores-Mitosis-Prothallus with rhizoids-Mitosis-Archegonium (egg)/Antheridium (sperm)] Haploid

Question 13

Prothallus

Answer 13

Heart-shaped photosynthetic gametophyte structure of ferns
Bears archegonia and/or antheridia
Anchored to substrate by root-like rhizoids
Archegonia, antheridia, and rhizoids are all located on the lower surface of the prothallus

Question 14

Gymnosperms

Answer 14

Naked seed

Question 15

In conifers ____________ hence water is no longer a requirement for fertilization

Answer 15

Sperm are non-flagellated

Question 16

Fascicle

Answer 16

A short shoot

Leaves of conifers are needle-shaped and grouped within a sheath

Question 17

Number of leaves borne together

Answer 17

2 or 5
Determines shape of leaf in cross section
Number is distinctive for each species

Question 18

Conifer leaf structure

Answer 18

Thick walled epidermis, then indentations which are stomata, then many oddly shaped thin-walled cells containing chloroplasts-mesophyll, then vascular tissue in center

Question 19

Xerophytic feature

Answer 19

Morphological and physiological adaptations that enable an organism to survive under water deficit

Question 20

What advantages are there for conifer leaves to be needle-like with sunken stomata?

Answer 20

Reduces water loss

Question 21

How is vascular tissue arranged?

Answer 21

In a bundle in the center of the leaf

Question 22

How many bundles are there?

Answer 22

Two bundles

Question 23

How does a conifer leaf differ from a typical angiosperm leaf?

Answer 23

Angiosperm leaves are bigger

Question 24

What is the function of resin?

Answer 24

Is used to seal over wounds to tissue, prevents pathways for insects and fungal infections

Question 25

Pine life cycle:

Answer 25

Embryo (megagametophyte, embryo, seed coat)-Seedling (sporophyte)-Female cone (Ovuliferous scaled), Male come Microsporangium (Microspore and microsporophyll)-One ovuliferous scale (Bract, integument, megapore mother cell, ovuliferous scale, megasporangium)-Immature megagametophyte-Megagametophyte and archegonium with egg cell

Question 26

Which generation is dominant in the conifers? Highly reduced and photosynthetically dependent?

Answer 26

Sporophyte, gametophyte

Question 27

Microsporophyll

Answer 27

Leaves bearing little spores

Bears two microsporangia which produces microspores

Question 28

The male cone consists of _____________ with numerous attached _________________

Answer 28

Central axis, microsporophylls

Question 29

Microgametophyte having divided twice into four nuclei is called a

Answer 29

Pollen grain

Question 30

What type of cell division produces microspores?

Answer 30

Meiosis

Question 31

Function of wings of the pollen grain

Answer 31

Aid in pollen dispersion via wind

Question 32

Megasporangium

Answer 32

Where the egg is held in a female cone

Question 33

Megagametophyte

Answer 33

Nucleus of a megaspore that divides to form up to 256 nuclei which are eventually enclosed by cell walls