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BIO 145 Lab Practical > Lab Practical 2 > Flashcards

Lab Practical 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Immigrate

A

When an individual moves into a population

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2
Q

Emigrate

A

When an individual moves out of a population

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3
Q

Four factors that affect the growth of population

A

Density

Distribution

Sex Ratio

Age structure

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4
Q

What does it mean when a population is in a state of equilibrium?

A

The number of births equals the number of deaths.

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5
Q

population

A

A group of organisms belonging to the same species that live in the same location at the same time.

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6
Q

What is exponential growth?

A

The steady growth of a population by a fixed percentage for each generation.

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7
Q

What is the carrying capacity of a population?

A

The point at which the amount of nutrients is just sufficient enough to support the population.

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8
Q

Describe the shape of the curve on a graph representing logistic growth?

A

S-Shaped

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9
Q

Which graph is a more realistic and accurate representation of populations found in nature?

A

Logistic Growth

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10
Q

Why do biologists use sampling? Explain why they do not go into the habitat and count all members of the population interest.

A

Counting all individuals would be impractical due to large numbers. Canvas all necessary terrain (which may be too rugged), and to overcome countless potential environmental factors.

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11
Q

Which seabirds migrate between the arctic and antarctic?

A

Arctic tern

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12
Q

What type of whales have two blowholes and accordion-like pleats for expansion of the throat and sing intricate songs?

A

Baleen Whales

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13
Q

Breaching refers to the whales ability to?

A

Jump above the surface of water

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14
Q

Random Distribution

A

Where individuals are located throughout the location in no particular pattern.

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15
Q

what are two examples of two occupations that utilize tidal tables?

A

Atmospheric Scientists & Fisherman.

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16
Q

Why does the moon exert more gravitational pull on the earth than the sun, when the sun is so much larger?

A

The moon is 400 times closer to Earth than the sun and exerts twice the gravitational pull.

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17
Q

Define Tidal Range.

A

The difference between the level of ocean water at a high tide and low tide.

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18
Q

How do the tidal ranges of spring tides and neap tides compare?

A

Spring tides have the largest daily tidal range, while neap tides have the smallest daily tidal range.

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19
Q

Describe the position of the sun and the moon when there are spring tides.

A

The Sun, moon, and the Earth are all aligned.

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20
Q

Describe the position of the sun and moon when there are neap tides.

A

The sun, earth, and the moon form a 90 degree angle.

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21
Q

Explain the difference between diurnal, semi-diyrnal, and mixed tides.

A

Diurnal =refer to one tidal cycle each day.

Semi-Diurnal= Two high and low tides every 24 hours and 50 minutes.

Mixed Tides= Have significant difference in successive high-water and low-water tides.

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22
Q

Are all individuals in a population different?

A

No. They may vary by size, color, shape and length.

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23
Q

Alleles

A

One or more alternate genetic forms.

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24
Q

How can fitness be increased?

A

By possessing favorable traits.

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25
Q

Evolution

A

The change of species over time

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26
Q

What is genetic drift? How does it occur?

A

A random change in allele frequency over time. It occurs by chance.

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27
Q

Ethology

A

The study of an organisms behavior.

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28
Q

How do innate and learned behaviors differ?

A

Innate behaviors are encoded into an organisms DNA, are heritable, and are fully developed w/o practice.

Ex. Reflexes & Instincts & animals moving away from predators.

Learned behaviors are a result of experience. They are not heritable and can be changed and improves upon with practice.

Ex. Dolphins using sponges to protect their rostrum.

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29
Q

Taxis Behavior

A

behaviors that result in an organism moving toward or away from a stimulus and do not require thought or decision.

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30
Q

Light (Taxi Behavior)

A

Phototaxis

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31
Q

Gravity (Taxi Behavior)

A

Geotaxis

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32
Q

Temperature (Taxi Behavior)

A

Thermotaxis

33
Q

Chemicals (Taxi Behavior)

A

Chemotaxis

34
Q

Touch (Taxi Behavior)

A

Thigmotaxis

35
Q

Polarized light (Taxi Behavior)

A

Mnenotaxis

36
Q

Define LD50

A

The technique used to determine the concentration of a chemical that kills 50% of a test population.

37
Q

How is LD50 determined?

A

By applying various concentrations of a chemical to a test population under controlled conditions until a concentration is found that kills 50 % of the population.

38
Q

What are two used of LD50

A

The determination of toxicity levels & grasping gravity of bioaccumulation.

39
Q

Bioaccumulation

A

The increase in population of a chemical as it moves up through the trophic levels in the ecosystem.

40
Q

Species

A

a population that tends to remain constant in size and geographic distribution.

41
Q

Exponential growth

A

The steady growth of a population by a fixed percentage for each generation.

42
Q

Exponential growth curves demonstrate what shape curve?

A

J-Shaped

43
Q

Describe limiting factors.

A

Physical, chemical, and biological elements that work to limit the growth of population.

44
Q

Describe environmental resistance.

A 
Factors such: 
space
disease
number of predators
availability of food 
shelter 
oxygen 
sunlight 
presence of pollutants
45
Q

Carrying Capacity

A

The point at which the amount of nutrients is just sufficient enough to support the population.

46
Q

Logistic growth curve

A

Shows an initial rapid increase in population (exponential growth)

47
Q

Uniform Distribution

A

Is a distribution where individuals are evenly spaced throughout the location and is typical of organisms that compete for space.

48
Q

Clumped Distribution

A

Is a distribution where individuals occur in patches around the resources needed for survival.

49
Q

Tides

A

Naturally occurring daily changes in the ocean level resulting from a gravitational attraction of the sun and moon.

50
Q

High Tides

A

Bulges that form because of the moons pull

51
Q

Low Tides

A

Areas between the high tides. They are a result of water being pulled towards the high-tide regions.

52
Q

Tidal Range

A

The difference between the level of ocean water at high and low tide.

53
Q

Which tides have the largest daily tidal range?

A

Spring Tides

54
Q

Which tides have the smallest daily tidal range?

A

Neap Tides

55
Q

Deviation

A

Is the amount by which a measurement differs from the mean.

56
Q

Natural Selection

A

The idea that organisms with certain traits survive while other without those traits die off.

57
Q

Evolution

A

Species change over time, and it occurs in any population when the number, frequency, or type of a given trait changes over time.

58
Q

Directional Selection

A

A moderate form of a trait is selected for, meaning it is beneficial to individuals of that population.

59
Q

Disruptive Selection

A

Over time and as evidenced through future generations, a shift occurs in selection to an extreme form of a trait.

In disruptive selection extreme traits at both ends of the spectrum are favored, and the intermediate forms are selected against.

60
Q

Stabilizing Selection

A

Both extremes of a trait are selected against, and the moderate form of the trait is the most prevalent.

61
Q

Genetic Drift

A

Random change in allele frequency over time brought about by chance. It is measured in terms of probability.

62
Q

Sensory Perception

A

Allows organisms to receive information about their environment. Higher animals use sight, tough, hearing taste, and smell.

63
Q

Positive Phototaxis

A

The behavior of an organism moving toward the light.

64
Q

Negative Phototaxis

A

The behavior of an organism moving away from the light.

65
Q

Filter Feeders

A

Organisms that feed by filtering suspended organic material.

66
Q

Brine Shrimp

A

Are invertebrates which belong to the phylum Arthropoda, Class Crustacea and genus artemis. They are considered omnivores because they eat both plants and animals.

67
Q

Biotic

A

The living parts of an environment such as crabs, fish, and sea grasses.

68
Q

Abiotic

A

The nonliving parts of an environment such as water, temperature, and salinity.

69
Q

Food Chains

A

Define straight line feeding relationships.

Used to show the path of energy from one organism to another in an ecosystem.

70
Q

Food Webs

A

Show the complexity of relationships by combining many food chains to show interactions within a specific ecosystem.

71
Q

Primary Producers

A

Organisms that can make their own food through processes such as photosynthesis to chemosynthesis.

72
Q

Chemosynthesis

A

can be observes near hydrothermal vents on the ocean floor.

In the absence of sunlight bacteria convert the energy form chemicals in the hydrothermal vents to usable energy.

73
Q

Consumers

A

Unable to produce their own food (energy) through biochemical process.

They must consume other organisms to obtain energy and nutrients.

74
Q

How are consumers organized into groups?

A

Based on their feeding habits:

herbivores
carnivores
omnivores

75
Q

Herbivores

A

organisms that only consume plants

76
Q

Carnivores

A

Organisms that consume only other animals

77
Q

Omnivores

A

Organisms that consume both plants and animals

78
Q

Energy Pyramids

A

Diagrams that show how energy is transferred and lost as it passes through the food chain. Often referred to as a trophic pyramid and each level is referred to as a trophic level.

NOTE: ONLY ABOUT 10% OF ENERGY AT EACH LEVEL OF THE PYRAMID PASSES ON TO THE NEXT LEVEL, AS THE REMAINING 90% IS LOST IN THE METABOLIC PROCESS.

BIO 145 Lab Practical (2 decks)

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