Lab Practical 2 Flashcards
Immigrate
When an individual moves into a population
Emigrate
When an individual moves out of a population
Four factors that affect the growth of population
Density
Distribution
Sex Ratio
Age structure
What does it mean when a population is in a state of equilibrium?
The number of births equals the number of deaths.
population
A group of organisms belonging to the same species that live in the same location at the same time.
What is exponential growth?
The steady growth of a population by a fixed percentage for each generation.
What is the carrying capacity of a population?
The point at which the amount of nutrients is just sufficient enough to support the population.
Describe the shape of the curve on a graph representing logistic growth?
S-Shaped
Which graph is a more realistic and accurate representation of populations found in nature?
Logistic Growth
Why do biologists use sampling? Explain why they do not go into the habitat and count all members of the population interest.
Counting all individuals would be impractical due to large numbers. Canvas all necessary terrain (which may be too rugged), and to overcome countless potential environmental factors.
Which seabirds migrate between the arctic and antarctic?
Arctic tern
What type of whales have two blowholes and accordion-like pleats for expansion of the throat and sing intricate songs?
Baleen Whales
Breaching refers to the whales ability to?
Jump above the surface of water
Random Distribution
Where individuals are located throughout the location in no particular pattern.
what are two examples of two occupations that utilize tidal tables?
Atmospheric Scientists & Fisherman.
Why does the moon exert more gravitational pull on the earth than the sun, when the sun is so much larger?
The moon is 400 times closer to Earth than the sun and exerts twice the gravitational pull.
Define Tidal Range.
The difference between the level of ocean water at a high tide and low tide.
How do the tidal ranges of spring tides and neap tides compare?
Spring tides have the largest daily tidal range, while neap tides have the smallest daily tidal range.
Describe the position of the sun and the moon when there are spring tides.
The Sun, moon, and the Earth are all aligned.
Describe the position of the sun and moon when there are neap tides.
The sun, earth, and the moon form a 90 degree angle.
Explain the difference between diurnal, semi-diyrnal, and mixed tides.
Diurnal =refer to one tidal cycle each day.
Semi-Diurnal= Two high and low tides every 24 hours and 50 minutes.
Mixed Tides= Have significant difference in successive high-water and low-water tides.
Are all individuals in a population different?
No. They may vary by size, color, shape and length.
Alleles
One or more alternate genetic forms.
How can fitness be increased?
By possessing favorable traits.
Evolution
The change of species over time
What is genetic drift? How does it occur?
A random change in allele frequency over time. It occurs by chance.
Ethology
The study of an organisms behavior.
How do innate and learned behaviors differ?
Innate behaviors are encoded into an organisms DNA, are heritable, and are fully developed w/o practice.
Ex. Reflexes & Instincts & animals moving away from predators.
Learned behaviors are a result of experience. They are not heritable and can be changed and improves upon with practice.
Ex. Dolphins using sponges to protect their rostrum.
Taxis Behavior
behaviors that result in an organism moving toward or away from a stimulus and do not require thought or decision.
Light (Taxi Behavior)
Phototaxis
Gravity (Taxi Behavior)
Geotaxis
Temperature (Taxi Behavior)
Thermotaxis
Chemicals (Taxi Behavior)
Chemotaxis
Touch (Taxi Behavior)
Thigmotaxis
Polarized light (Taxi Behavior)
Mnenotaxis
Define LD50
The technique used to determine the concentration of a chemical that kills 50% of a test population.
How is LD50 determined?
By applying various concentrations of a chemical to a test population under controlled conditions until a concentration is found that kills 50 % of the population.
What are two used of LD50
The determination of toxicity levels & grasping gravity of bioaccumulation.
Bioaccumulation
The increase in population of a chemical as it moves up through the trophic levels in the ecosystem.
Species
a population that tends to remain constant in size and geographic distribution.
Exponential growth
The steady growth of a population by a fixed percentage for each generation.
Exponential growth curves demonstrate what shape curve?
J-Shaped
Describe limiting factors.
Physical, chemical, and biological elements that work to limit the growth of population.
Describe environmental resistance.
Factors such: space disease number of predators availability of food shelter oxygen sunlight presence of pollutants
Carrying Capacity
The point at which the amount of nutrients is just sufficient enough to support the population.
Logistic growth curve
Shows an initial rapid increase in population (exponential growth)
Uniform Distribution
Is a distribution where individuals are evenly spaced throughout the location and is typical of organisms that compete for space.
Clumped Distribution
Is a distribution where individuals occur in patches around the resources needed for survival.
Tides
Naturally occurring daily changes in the ocean level resulting from a gravitational attraction of the sun and moon.
High Tides
Bulges that form because of the moons pull
Low Tides
Areas between the high tides. They are a result of water being pulled towards the high-tide regions.
Tidal Range
The difference between the level of ocean water at high and low tide.
Which tides have the largest daily tidal range?
Spring Tides
Which tides have the smallest daily tidal range?
Neap Tides
Deviation
Is the amount by which a measurement differs from the mean.
Natural Selection
The idea that organisms with certain traits survive while other without those traits die off.
Evolution
Species change over time, and it occurs in any population when the number, frequency, or type of a given trait changes over time.
Directional Selection
A moderate form of a trait is selected for, meaning it is beneficial to individuals of that population.
Disruptive Selection
Over time and as evidenced through future generations, a shift occurs in selection to an extreme form of a trait.
In disruptive selection extreme traits at both ends of the spectrum are favored, and the intermediate forms are selected against.
Stabilizing Selection
Both extremes of a trait are selected against, and the moderate form of the trait is the most prevalent.
Genetic Drift
Random change in allele frequency over time brought about by chance. It is measured in terms of probability.
Sensory Perception
Allows organisms to receive information about their environment. Higher animals use sight, tough, hearing taste, and smell.
Positive Phototaxis
The behavior of an organism moving toward the light.
Negative Phototaxis
The behavior of an organism moving away from the light.
Filter Feeders
Organisms that feed by filtering suspended organic material.
Brine Shrimp
Are invertebrates which belong to the phylum Arthropoda, Class Crustacea and genus artemis. They are considered omnivores because they eat both plants and animals.
Biotic
The living parts of an environment such as crabs, fish, and sea grasses.
Abiotic
The nonliving parts of an environment such as water, temperature, and salinity.
Food Chains
Define straight line feeding relationships.
Used to show the path of energy from one organism to another in an ecosystem.
Food Webs
Show the complexity of relationships by combining many food chains to show interactions within a specific ecosystem.
Primary Producers
Organisms that can make their own food through processes such as photosynthesis to chemosynthesis.
Chemosynthesis
can be observes near hydrothermal vents on the ocean floor.
In the absence of sunlight bacteria convert the energy form chemicals in the hydrothermal vents to usable energy.
Consumers
Unable to produce their own food (energy) through biochemical process.
They must consume other organisms to obtain energy and nutrients.
How are consumers organized into groups?
Based on their feeding habits:
herbivores
carnivores
omnivores
Herbivores
organisms that only consume plants
Carnivores
Organisms that consume only other animals
Omnivores
Organisms that consume both plants and animals
Energy Pyramids
Diagrams that show how energy is transferred and lost as it passes through the food chain. Often referred to as a trophic pyramid and each level is referred to as a trophic level.
NOTE: ONLY ABOUT 10% OF ENERGY AT EACH LEVEL OF THE PYRAMID PASSES ON TO THE NEXT LEVEL, AS THE REMAINING 90% IS LOST IN THE METABOLIC PROCESS.
