lab practical Flashcards
Definition of scientific method
A procedure used by researchers to test an observation or question
what are the steps to the scientific method
- make an observation
- create a hypothesis
- Test an experiment
- review the data
What is a hypothesis?
A question researchers can test to answer a question or observation
what is a hypertonic solution?
A solution that has a higher concentration than the one it’s being compared to. the water will move into this solution
What is an isotonic solution?
A solution has the same or nearly the same concentration as the one it is being compared to. Water will flow equally between the two solutions.
what is a hypotonic solution?
A solution that has a lower concentration than the one it’s being compared to. water will move out of this solution
A cell will lose water when…
placed in a hypertonic solution.
A cell will gain water when…
placed in a hypotonic solution.
a cell will stay at the same volume when…
placed in a isotonic solution
What is ATP?
Adenosine Triphosphate, The immediate energy source for almost all cellular activities.
What is potential energy?
Energy that is stored such as a ball at rest.
How does a spec work?
the process used when using a spec
- preheat spec 15 minutes before
- Zero the spec at 500nm using Tube 1.
a. Put tube 1 in the spec and press the 0 ABS 100% T button on the spec.
b. When the spec has finished, press the done button on the SpectroPro screen. - wipe all tubes off before placing in spec.
- place tube in spec and collect data
How to determine size using micrometers
count the number of units an object measures and multiply using the correct number.
4x multiply by 0.012nm
10x multiply by 0.005nm
40x multiply by 0.001 nm= 1um
How to use a microscope
- place slide on stage
- switch between oculars to zoom in
- move the slide to center using the two vertical knobs that are located below the stage on the right-hand side of the scope.
- use the coarse adjustment and fine adjusmten knobs to focus.
how to do conversions
15m/1sec X 60sec/1min =(15X60)/1min
seconds cross out then multiply 15 m X 60 = 900m/1min
What is a carbohydrate?
Carbohydrates contain atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio.Foods such as rice, potatoes, bread, corn, candy, and fruits are rich in carbohydrates. A carbohydrate can be classified as monosaccharides or simple sugars, disaccharides.
What is a lipid?
Lipids are composed primarily of carbon and hydrogen with a very small amount of oxygen. The lipid family includes many different categories including membrane phospholipids, triacylglycerols in fats and oils, waxes and steroids. they are primarily non-polar and do not dissolve in water.
What is a protein?
Proteins are composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, with a small amount of sulfur.
What are amino acids?
Amino acids are the building blocks of peptides and proteins. All amino acids have an amino group, —NH2, a carboxylic acid group, —COOH, and an organic group, —R
What is osmosis?
net movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration
Standard deviation equation
square root of (x-u)^2/n
x=each value from the population
u= mean
n= sample size
KOW
The relative amount of the compound that dissolves in the nonpolar 1-octanol versus the very polar water is given as a number known as the partition coefficient, 𝐾OW.
what is a catalyst?
Enzymes are catalysts. They speed up chemical reactions without being used up in the process
what is an enzyme?
Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts by accelerating chemical reactions.
what is photosynthesis?
A process in which plants convert light energy, water, and carbon dioxide into oxygen and energy-rich carbohydrates (sugars). Leaves “capture” and convert the energy of sunlight to chemical energy in carbohydrate molecules.
How to find the rate of photosynthesis?
The rate of photosynthesis can be determined by either measuring the decrease of its reactants or the increase of its products.
What are the stages of mitosis?
- Interphase
- Prophase
- Pro-metaphase
- Metaphase
- Anaphase
- Telophase
- Cytokinesis
What are the sages of meiosis?
- Interphase
- Prophase 1 & 2
- Prometaphase 1 & 2
- Metaphase 1 & 2
- Anaphase 1 & 2
- Telophase 1 & 2
- Cytokinesis
What is mitosis?
Mitosis is the process by which a cell replicates its chromosomes and then segregates them, producing two identical nuclei in preparation for cell division. starts with a mother cell and ends with 2 daughter cells.
What is meiosis?
Meiosis is a type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that reduces the number of chromosomes in gametes (the sex cells, or egg and sperm). Meiosis produces 4 cells.
interphase- mitosis
In this phase cell undergoes many catabolic and anabolic reactions to make itself prepare for the division.
prophase- mitosis
The chromosomes start to condense (making them easier to pull apart later on).
The mitotic spindle begins to form.
The nucleolus (or nucleoli, plural), a part of the nucleus where ribosomes are made, disappears.
pro metaphase- mitosis
The chromosomes become even more condensed, so they are very compact.
The nuclear envelope breaks down, releasing the chromosomes.
The mitotic spindle grows more, and some of the microtubules start to “capture” chromosomes.
metaphase- mitosis
All the chromosomes align at the metaphase plate (not a physical structure, just a term for the plane where the chromosomes line up).
At this stage, the two kinetochores of each chromosome should be attached to microtubules from opposite spindle poles.
telophase- mitosis
The protein “glue” that holds the sister chromatids together is broken down, allowing them to separate. Each is now its own chromosome. The chromosomes of each pair are pulled towards opposite ends of the cell.
Microtubules not attached to chromosomes elongate and push apart, separating the poles and making the cell longer.
telophase- mitosis
The mitotic spindle is broken down into its building blocks.
Two new nuclei form, one for each set of chromosomes. Nuclear membranes and nucleoli reappear.
The chromosomes begin to decondense and return to their “stringy” form.
cytokinesis- mitosis
the division of the cytoplasm to form two new cells
prophase 1- meiosis
The chromosomes condense, and the
nuclear envelope breaks down
crossing-over occurs.
metaphase 1- meiosis
Pairs of homologous chromosomes movo
to the equator of the cell
anaphase 1- meiosis
homologous chromosomes move
to the opposite poles of the cell.
telophase 1 & cytokinesis- meiosis
Chromosomes gather
at the poles of the cells.
The cytoplasm divides.
prophase 2
A new spindle forms around the chromosomes.
metaphase 2
Metaphase II chromosomes line up at the equator.
anaphase 2
Centromeres divide. Chromatids move to the opposite poles of the cells.
telophase 2 and cytokinesis
A nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes.
The cytoplasm divides.
What is transcription?
the process of creating mRNA from DNA and occurs on a regular basis in every single cell of the body.
What is translation?
the process of converting the RNA into a sting of amino acids. It is the final step to turn the DNA message into an immature protein product
insertion or deletion
Adding or deleting a base from a sequence.
silent mutation
a mutation where the amino acid sequence does not change
