lab practical 1 - endocrine Flashcards
nervous system
rapid response, short lived
endocrine system
slower, more prolonged
small molecules and peptides
which function as primary messengers in a signal
transduction cascade
hormones
bind to a specific receptor which
affects a particular cell or tissue type
hormones
derivatives of cholesterol, Affects target tissue by entering cell and
directly binding to receptors on DNA
steroid hormones
need transport proteins to travel through blood
steroid hormones
are steroid hormones hydrophobic or hydrophillic?
hydrophobic
Affects target tissue by binding to receptors on
the outside of the cell membrane
non-steroid hormones
are non-sterioid hormones hydrophobic or hydrophilic ?
hydrophilic
Why do hydrophobic hormones require transport proteins to travel in the blood?
protects them from breaking down
How can hydrophobic hormones easily pass through the cell membrane?
simple diffusion
self-signaling
autocrine
signaling of nearby cells
paracrine
signaling along cell membranes
juxtacrine
Location: Ventral region of diencephalon
Function: Links Nervous and Endocrine Systems
Controls: body temperature, hunger, thirst,
fatigue, circadian rhythms
- Hormones:
(CRH)
(GnRH)
(GHRH)
(TRH) Dopamine/PIH, Somatostatin
hypothalamus
Location: Caudal region of
diencephalon
Controls: circadian rhythms
Hormones: Melatonin
pineal gland
Location: rests in sella turcica of sphenoid
bone in medial cranial fossa at the base of
the brain
Connected to hypothalamus by
Infindibulum
pituitary (hypophysis)
anterior pituitary
adenohypophysis
posterior pituitary
neurohypophysis
Hormones:
(AcTH)
(TSH)
(PRL)
(GH)
(FSH)
(LH)
Endorphins
Functions (respectively): stimulates adrenal glands,
stimulates metabolism, stimulates lactation,
stimulates growth, regulation of reproductive
systems and androgen production, endogenous
opioid production
anterior pituitary
Hormones:
Oxytocin
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH, Vasopressin)
posterior pituitary
uterine contraction
oxytocin
water retention
ADH, vasopressin
Composed of two lobes connected by an
isthmus.
Controls: metabolism and hormonal
sensitivity
Hormones: Thyroxine (T4),
Triiodothyronine (T3), Calcitonin
thyroid
base of neck behind Adams apple
thyroid location
What are some diseases caused by
improper function of the Thyroid?
hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, thyroiditis and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
Increased metabolism and HR, arrythmias,
nervousness, perspiration, weight loss, thin
hair and skin
Grave’s disease- enlarged eyes; goiter
Thyroiditis
Growths on thyroid
Treatments- surgery, radioactive iodine
hyperthyroidism
Sensitive to cold, decreased HR, fatigue,
weakness, joint/muscle pain, hair loss,
brittle nails
Hashimoto’s disease- Goiter
Radiation
Iodine deficiency- Goiter
Treatment- medication
Hypothyroidism
Location: posterior face of thyroid
Controls: Increases blood calcium and
blood phosphate levels
Antagonist to calcitonin
parathyroid
What is the name of the hormone
which is secreted by parathyroid gland?
parathyroid hormone
Osteoporosis, stones,
polyuria, nausea, fatique, cognitive
disfunction
hypersecretion - hypercalcaemia
convulsions, arrythmia,
tetany, numbness
hyposecretion -Hypocalcaemia
Hormones: Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
aka Atrial Natriuretic Hormone (ANH)
Function: reduces blood pressure, vasodilation of arterioles, reduces sodium and water reabsorption, Increased urination, Reduces renin and aldosterone, Lipid mobilization
heart
Location: Inferior to stomach, empties
to duodenum
Hormones: Insulin, Glucagon,
Somatostatin, Pancreatic polypeptide
Function: decrease blood
glucose, increase blood glucose, self-
inhibition, unknown function
pancreas
alpha cells
glucagon
beta cells
insulin
delta cells
somatostatin
alpha cells, beta cells, delta cells
islet of langerhans
bicarbonate ions, digestive enzymes
aciner cells
Location: posterior to pancreas, behind
abdominal cavity in retroperitoneum
Hormones: Renin, Erythropoietin,
Calcitriol, Thrombopoietin
Functions: renin-angiotensin system,
erythrocyte production stimulation,
calcium uptake, platlet production
kidneys
what two parts are the adrenal glands separated into?
cortex, medulla
increase blood
volume; electrolyte retention; leads to BP increase
Ex: Aldosterone
Glomerulosa -> Mineralocorticoids
immune/stress
response; gluconeogenesis; anti-inflammatory
Ex: cortisol
Fasciculata -> Glucocorticoids
sperm development; male
2ndary sexual characteristics; precursor to estrogens
Ex: Testosterone
Reticularis -> Androgens
Location: center of adrenal glands,
surrounded by adrenal cortex
Hormones: (Epinephrine),
(Norepinephrine),
Dopamine, Enkephalin
Functions: “fight or flight”
adrenal medulla
Stimulated by: LH and FSH
Hormones: Testosterone, Estradiol
Inhibin
Functions: stimulates spermatogenesis,
inhibit apoptosis of spermatozoa,
inhibit follicle-stimulating hormone
testes
Stimulated by: LH and FSH
Hormones in the ovaries come from the
ovarian follicle itself or the corpus luteum.
Location: Lateral portion of uterus in females
Hormones: Progesterone, Androstenedione,
Estrogens, Inhibin
Functions: Maintenance of uterine lining;
precursor to estrogen and testosterone;
secondary female characteristics; inhibit FSH
ovaries
increase in one
system results in an increase in another.
positive feedback loop
increase in
one system results in a decrease in another.
negative feedback loop
gigantism, bushings syndrome, acromegaly
diseases from improper regulation in the endocrine system.
