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General Biology > Lab Practical 1 > Flashcards

Lab Practical 1 Flashcards

1
Q
A

protein only

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2
Q

In the lab, you have been given an unknown solution. Which reagent (chemical) would you use to determine if simple sugars were present in the unknown solution?

A

Benedicts

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3
Q

For the following experiment, which of the following is the dependent variable?

An HBU student looks to find the quickest route to campus. On Monday, Thursday & Friday, she measures the time it takes to drive Route A. On Tuesday & Wednesday she measures the time it takes to drive Route B. Route A averages 21 minutes. Route B averages 26 minutes.

A

Travel time

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4
Q

Convert 2650 cm to Dm

A

2.65Dm

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5
Q
A

Japan

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6
Q

Placing a plant cell into a hypotonic solution results in which of the following?

A)No change
B)Water flowing out of the cell
C)Plasmolysis
D)Turgidity

A

Turgidity

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7
Q

Which taxonomic level would have the most organisms?

A)Genus
B)Order
C)Family
D)Class

A

genus

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8
Q

Identify the correct scientific name from the options below.

a) Canis familiaris
b) Canis familiaris
c) Canis Familiaris
d) Canis Familiaris

A

a)Canis familiaris

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9
Q

The organism shown below is responsible for what?

A

malaria

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10
Q

The organism show below belongs to what Phylum?

A

Chlorophyta

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11
Q

Identify the bacterial shape shown below…

A

coccus

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12
Q

For meiosis, identify the phase during which DNA replication occurs.

A

Interphase I (S phase I)

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13
Q

Products and by-products of photosynthesis do NOT include __. Select ALL that apply.

a) C6H12O6
b) O2
c) H2O
d) CO2

A

c) H2O
d) CO2

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14
Q

Bromothymol blue is ___ colored below pH 6.0 and ___ colored above pH 7.6.

A

yellow; blue

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15
Q

From the image below, identify the structure denoted by the arrow.

A

gametangium

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16
Q

What are the steps in the scientific method?

A
  1. observation
  2. question
  3. hypothesis
  4. prediction
  5. experiment
  6. analyze results
  7. conclusion
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17
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

inductive logic; testable statement to address question

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18
Q

What is prediction?

A

builds on hypothesis; if/then causal statement

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19
Q

For analyzing results of an experiment, where do you graph the independent variable and where do you graph the dependent variable?

A

x axis - independent variable

y axis - dependent variable

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20
Q

What are components of a conclusion?

A
  • Refute or support prediction
  • Refute or support hypothesis
  • Errors…
  • Application to others…
  • Re-evaluate predictions/hypotheses
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21
Q

What are the characteristics of theories and principles?

A
  • substantial validation over time
  • generally accepted
  • malleable
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22
Q

What are the sections of a research article?

A
  1. abstract
  2. introduction
  3. materials and methods
  4. results
  5. conclusions
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23
Q

How many nm is one m?

A

109

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24
Q

What is the ratio of C to H to O in carbohydrates?

A

1:2:1

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25
Q

What are the three single sugar units?

A

glucose, fructose, galactose

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26
Q

What is sucrose comprised of?

A

glucose + fructose

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27
Q

What is the energy storage of plants?

A

starch

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28
Q

What enzyme of the mouth breakes polysaccharides into glucose?

A

salivary amylase

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29
Q

What enzyme of the pancreas breaks polysaccharides into glucose?

A

pancreatic amylases

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30
Q

What enzymes break down polysaccharides into glucose in the small intestine?

A

lactase, sucrase

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31
Q

What tests for simple sugars?

A

Benedict’s

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32
Q

What chemical tests for starch?

A

Lugol’s (iodine)

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33
Q

What is a positive test for benedict’s solution?

A

red/orange

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34
Q

What is a positive test for Lugol’s solution (iodine)?

A

purple/black

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35
Q

What elements comprise proteins?

A

C, H, O, N

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36
Q

Essential amino acids are obtained through ___________. They are not _________.

A

food; synthesided

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37
Q

What chemical is used to test for the presence of protein?

A

Biuret’s

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38
Q

What is a positive Biuret’s test for protein?

A

violet/purple

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39
Q

If the Biuret’s solution is pink what does that indicate?

A

the solution has a short polypeptide chain

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40
Q

What is in the small intestine that helps digest lipids? In the pancreas? Where are these transported to?

A

bile; lipase; lymph

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41
Q

Is Sudan IV hydrophobic or hydrophillic?

A

hydrophobic

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42
Q

What chemical is used for the testing of lipids?

A

Sudan IV

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43
Q

Characteristics of dissecting microscope?

A
  1. stereoscopic
  2. low magnification
  3. small or large specimens
  4. specimen can be manipulated during viewing
  5. two eye objectives
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44
Q

Study parts of microscope.

A

Dude study it.

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45
Q

What electron microscope is 2D sections?

A

transmission electron microscope (TEM)

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46
Q

What electron microscope produces a high res 3D image?

A

Scanning electron microscope (SEM)

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47
Q

What is resolving power?

A

the ability to distinguish between two objects

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48
Q

The distance between the top of slide/specimen and the end of the objective…

A

working distance

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49
Q

Area visible through the ocular lens…

A

field of view

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50
Q

Layer in sharp focus…

A

depth of focus

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51
Q

Do lower or higher objectives have greater depth?

52
Q

What organelle stores calcium?

53
Q

Where does protein synthesis occur?

54
Q

What is the order of taxonomy?

A
  1. domain
  2. kingdom
  3. phylum
  4. class
  5. order
  6. family
  7. Genus
  8. species
55
Q

What is a dichotomous key?

A

a systemic way to classify an unknown organism

56
Q

What is used as a visual representation of relatedness?

57
Q

What are the shared structures of prokaryotic and eukarytoic cells?

A
  1. cell wall
  2. cell membrane
  3. cytoplasm
  4. DNA
  5. ribosomes
  6. cilia
  7. flagella
58
Q

What are the eukaryotic-specific structures?

A
  1. cytoskeleton
  2. nucleus
  3. ER (smooth and rough)
  4. golgi
  5. lysosome
  6. vacuole
  7. peroxisome
  8. mitochondria
  9. chloroplast
59
Q

What is this structure?

60
Q

What is this structure?

61
Q

What is this structure?

A

spirochete

62
Q

What does strepto- mean?

A

filament (chain)

63
Q

What does staphylo- mean?

64
Q

What phylum does trichonympha belong to?

A

parabasalia (it is parasitic)

65
Q

What phylum do trypanosomes and euglenoids belong to?

A

euglenozoa

66
Q

What is the phylum for all of the following:

  • Ciliates
    • Paramecium
    • Stentor
  • Dinoflagellates
    • Gymnodinium
    • Ceratium
    • Peridinium
  • Apicomplexans
    • Parasites
    • Plasmodium vivax
67
Q

What is the phylum for all of the following:

  • Oomycotes (water moldes)
    • Saprolegnia
    • Achyla
    • Phytophtora
  • Chrysophytes (diatoms)
  • Phaeophytes (brown algae)
A

Stramenophilia

68
Q

What are the characteristics of protists? (4)

A
  1. autotrophic
  2. base of food chain
  3. animal-like
  4. plant-like
69
Q

What are the phylums of protists? (4)

A
  1. rhodophyta
  2. chlorophyta
  3. charophyta
  4. amoeboza
70
Q

What is rhodophyta?

A

the phylum of red algae

71
Q

What is the source for agar, and is also an ice cream thickener?

A

rhodophyta

72
Q

Phycobilin, Porphyridium, and Porphyra belong to what phylum?

A

Rhodophyta

73
Q

What phylum does the following belong to?

  • Green algae
  • Most related to terrestrial plants
    • Chlorophyll
      • Photosynthetic
  • Diverse
    • Uni- or multicellular, filamentous, colonial
A

Chlorophyta

74
Q

What phylum do chlamydomonas, volvox, oedogonium, and ulva belong to?

A

Chlorophyta

75
Q

What phylum do Spirogyra (pond scum) and Chara (stonewarts) belong to?

A

Charophyta

76
Q

What phylum do the following belong to?

  • Physarum
    • Plasmodial slime mold
    • Sporangia
  • Amoeba
    • Pseudopodia
77
Q

What is cell theory? (3)

A
  1. cells are the smallest unit of life
  2. all living organisms are made of cells
  3. Cells arise from pre-existing cells
78
Q

What is mitosis?

A

division of somatic cells (non sex cells); diploid to diploid; no genetic variation

79
Q

What does interphase do in mitosis?

A

prepares the cell for division

80
Q

What are the 3 phases of interphase?

A

G1, S, & G2

81
Q

What happens in the G1 phase?

A

cytoplasmic growth

82
Q

What happens in the S phase?

A

DNA replication; sister chromatids are formed

83
Q

What happens in the G2 phase?

A

microtubule growth

84
Q

study phases of mitosis and meiosis with pics

85
Q

What is meiosis?

A

division of gametes (egg or sperm); haploid goes to form 4 haploids; genetic diversity results

86
Q

Where does meiosis occur?

A

gonads or gametangia

87
Q

What happens in prophase I?

A

sister chromatids join (form a tetrad); crossing over (synapsis) occurs; chromosomes are visible; nuclear membrane disintegrates; spindle fibers form

88
Q

What happens during metaphase I?

A

tetrad independently align at the middle; law of independent assortment

89
Q

What happens during anaphase I?

A

tetrad is split into sister chromatids

90
Q

What happens during telophase I?

A

nuclear membrane reforms

91
Q

During cytokinesis, pant cells form cell _______, and animal cells form ___________ ___________.

A

plates; cleavage furrows

92
Q

What occurs in interphase II?

A

preparation for cell division; no DNA replication; no S phase

93
Q

What happens in prophase II? (3)

A
  1. sister chromatids condense
  2. nuclear membrane disintegrates
  3. spindle fibers form
94
Q

What happens during metaphase II?

A

sister chromatids independently align at the middle

95
Q

What happens during anaphase II?

A

sister chromatids split into chromosomes

96
Q

What happens during telophase II?

A

nuclear membrane reforms

97
Q

What is the failure to evenly separate tetrads or sister chromatids during anaphase I or II?

A

nondisjunction (trisomy 21 results in down syndrome)

98
Q

Fungi are _____________ decomposers. They get their food from eathing others; they eat dead.

A

heterotrophic

99
Q

What are the three types of fungi?

A
  1. saprobes
  2. parasites
  3. mutualists
100
Q

Saprobes grow on what?

A

non-living carbon source

101
Q

What is mycorrhizae?

A

fungus and plant roots

102
Q

What are lichens made of?

A

fungus and algae

103
Q

What lichens are hard, shell-like structures?

104
Q

Which lichen looks like moss?

105
Q

Are fungal infections difficult to treat?

106
Q

What are 5 fungal phyla?

A
  1. chytridiomycota
  2. zygomycota
  3. ascomycota
  4. basidiomycota
  5. “imperfect fungi”
107
Q

What phylum of fungi contains chytrids, can be parasitic, and can cause black wart disease?

A

chytridiomycota

108
Q

Why phylum of fungi contains zygosporangium-forming fungi, saprobes, and rhizopus (black bread mold)?

A

zygomycota

109
Q

What are sporangia?

A

spores of the rhizopus for asexual reproduction

110
Q

What are zygosporangia?

A

part of the rhizopus for sexual reproduction

111
Q

What fungal phylum includes sac fungi, ascus, conidia, and Peziza?

A

Ascomycota

112
Q

What is an ascus for?

A

sexual reproduction

113
Q

What is a conidia for?

A

asexual reproduction

114
Q

What fungal phylum includes gill fungi, club fungi, and basidiocarp?

A

basidiomycota

115
Q

What is a basidiocarp for?

A

sexual reproduction

116
Q

What are “imperfect fungi”?

A

fungi that lack sexual reproduction (only reproduce asexually); antibiotic sources; pathogens; cheese; penicillium; alternaria

117
Q

Where does photosynthesis primarily occur?

A

in the plant leaf

118
Q

What is the photosynthesis reaction?

A

6CO2+ 6H2O —–> C6H12O6+ 6O2

119
Q

Photosynthesis is a light ___________ reaction. The Calvin cycle is a light ____________ reaction.

A

dependent; independent

120
Q

Photosynthesis converts CO2into what?

A

glucose and starch

121
Q

When CO2 dissolves in water, what does it form?

A

carbonic acid

122
Q

What color is bromothymol blue in an acid? What does this mean?

A

yellow; increased carbonic acid

123
Q

When bromothymol blue is green, what does this mean?

A

it’s neutral

124
Q

When bromothymol blue is blue, what does this mean?

A

solution is basic; decreased carbonic acid; increased CO2 uptake; increased photosynthesis

125
Q

What is chromatography?

A

separation of molecules; solubility in solvent

126
Q

What is the formula for cellular respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 ——> 6H20 + 6CO2 + ATP

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