lab practical 1

Question 1

Anterior

Answer 1

Towards the front of the brain

Question 2

Posterior

Answer 2

Towards the back of the brain

Question 3

Dorsal

Answer 3

Towards the top of the head and the front of the spine

Question 4

Medial

Answer 4

Towards the midline of the body

Question 5

Lateral

Answer 5

Away form the midline of the body

Question 6

Superior

Answer 6

Above another structure

Question 7

Inferior

Answer 7

Below another structure

Question 8

Horizontal Cut

Answer 8

Cut in a plane that is parallel to the top of the brain, separating into superior and inferior halves

Question 9

Cross section

Answer 9

A horizontal cut used on a long and narrow structure such as the brainstem or spinal cord

Question 10

Coronal cut

Answer 10

cut in a plane that is parallel to the face, separating into anterior and posterior halves. allows for visual clarity of medial vs lateral

Question 11

Sagittal Cut

Answer 11

Cut in a plane that is parallel to the ears, separating the brain into left and right halves. Anterior vs posterior

Question 12

Midsagittal Cut

Answer 12

A common sagittal cut that cuts straight through the medial longitudinal fissure, separating the left and right hemisphere

Question 13

Meninges

Answer 13

The three membrane layers that protect the CNS

Question 14

*Dura matter

Answer 14

tough outer later that covers the brain, and restricts movement of the brain in the skull.

Question 15

Arachnoid matter

Answer 15

middle later that acts as a cushion for the CNS, such that when the brain does move, it has something soft to hit against

Question 16

Pia matter

Answer 16

innermost very delicate membrane that adheres closely to the surface of the brain and spinal cord. Helps contain and separate the brain from the cerebrospinal fluid. It is pierced by blood vessels

Question 17

Telencephalon

Answer 17

Forebrain

Question 18

Hemispheres

Answer 18

The brain has a left and right hemisphere

Question 19

Medial longitudinal fissure

Answer 19

long line/sulcus that divides the brain into the two hemispheres

Question 20

*Frontal lobe

Answer 20

Located in the anterior section of the brain

Question 21

Prefrontal cortex

Answer 21

receives sensory input and is important for planning, decision making, consequence learning, emotional inhibition, personality and executive functions

Question 22

Primary motor cortex

Answer 22

Involved in motor movement and control

Question 23

*Parietal lobe

Answer 23

Located posterior to the frontal lobe. Involved in somatic sensations, spatial orientations, touch, attention, numerical information, complex visual information.

Question 24

*Temporal lobe

Answer 24

Located on lateral sides of the brain and posterior-ventral to the frontal lobe. Involved in auditory information and facial recognition. Also heavily involved in memory.

Question 25

*Occipital lobe

Answer 25

Located most posterior in the brain. Involved in visual information. Damage causes cortical blindness in the contralateral part of the visual field. AKA damage to the damage in the right lobe will cause blindness in left eye

Question 26

*Olfactory bulb

Answer 26

Located on the ventral surface of the brain. Involved in the sensation of smell.

Question 27

Thalamus

Answer 27

Relay center of the brain. Visual, auditory, touch and taste sensory information is traveled through here and then sent to the respective areas in the brain for processing

Question 28

Hypothalamus

Answer 28

Controls the autonomic nervous system and organizes behaviors related to survival. AKA fight or flight reflex via pituitary gland

Question 29

*Optic Chiasm

Answer 29

Where optic fibers cross over to the opposite side of the brain, sending visual information contralaterally. Looks like an X

Question 30

*Pituitary gland

Answer 30

Regulated by the hypothalamus. Important for release of hormones. Removed with dura matter. Circular lump between the cerebral peduncles.

Question 31

*Superior colliculus

Answer 31

2 larger bumps on the top that respond to simple sensory and motor aspects of visual stimuli. Have to lift cerebellum up and away form the back of the cortex, as they are hidden

Question 32

*Inferior colliculius

Answer 32

2 Smaller bumps located below the superior colliculus. Responds to sensory aspects of auditory stimulus.

Question 33

*Cerebral peduncles

Answer 33

Motor system highway that send motor information from the cerebral cortex to the brainstem and spinal cord to help with things such as posture and balance

Question 34

*Cerebellum

Answer 34

Critical for motor functioning. Damage here will cause clumsy movements such as loss of balance, but will still allow for normal motor function. Sometimes referred to as mini brain

Question 35

*Pons

Answer 35

Bulge below the cerebellum. Information highway for a large amount of sensory and motor information, relaying this information between the cerebellum, cerebrum and the spinal cord. Many of the cranial nerves connect to the brain at the pons. Involved with breathing control. Combined with the medulla makes the brainstem

Question 36

*Medulla

Answer 36

Long and narrow structure that continues on to the spinal cord. Controls automimic functions such as heartbeat and blood pressure. Combined with pons makes the brainstem

Question 37

*Olfactory Nerve

Answer 37

Function: Sensory - sense of smell Damage: Inability to smell or distortion. Location: Flaps covering the olfactory bulbs

Question 38

*Optic Nerve

Answer 38

Function: Sensory - vision Damage: Prevents visual information from being sent to the respective eye Location: Nerve above the optic chiasm, upper part of the X

Question 39

*Oculomotor

Answer 39

Function: Motor - Eye movements and pupil constriction Damage: Double vision Location: Flaps on the side of the cerebral peduncles

Question 40

*Trochlear

Answer 40

Function: Motor - Eye movements. Up and down Damage: Double vision, trouble looking up and down Location: Hidden on the sides of the midbrain. Very thin and tiny

Question 41

*Trigeminal

Answer 41

Function: Sensory - temperature, touch, pain for head Motor - Chewing Damage: Numbness of pain or temperature on face and difficulties with chewing movements Location: Teeth like structures on the side of the pons

Question 42

*Abducens

Answer 42

Function: Motor - Eye movements. Side to side Damage: Double vision and trouble looking side to side Location: Nerves in between the pons and medulla

Question 43

Facial

Answer 43

Function: Sensory - Taste for anterior 2/3 of the tongue Motor - Moves facial muscles. Wink, frown, smile Damage: Loss of taste on anterior 2/3 of tongue. Inability to make certain facial expressions

Question 44

Vestibulocochlear

Answer 44

Function: Sensory - hearing and balance Damage: Deafness in ear and dizziness

Question 45

Glossopharyngeal

Answer 45

Function: Sensory - Taste for posterior 1/3 of tongue Motor - Muscles of the throat, mouth and tongue Damage: Loss of taste on posterior 1/3 of tongue. Difficulty eating and swallowing.

Question 46

Vagus

Answer 46

Function: Sensory - Touch information of the viscera (heart, gut, etc) Motor - regulates the autonomic nervous system. heart rate, digestion, blood vessel size, etc. Damage: Pain in the internal organs, irregularities in parasympathetic nervous system.

Question 47

*Spinal accessory nerve

Answer 47

Function: Motor - Controls movement of the head, neck, shoulders Damage: difficulties moving the head and neck Location: on the sides of the spinal cord

Question 48

Hypoglossal

Answer 48

Function: Motor - Controls the muscles of the tongue Damage: weakness of tongue movement on the affected side.