lab practical 1 Flashcards
levels of organization
- cell: the smallest living unit of the body
- tissue: many cells and some surrounding material
- organ: combination of tissues
- organ system: combination of various organs make up a specific system
- organism: humans are composed of 11 organ systems
anatomical position
- ALL discussion of the human body is in reference to the anatomical position
1. standing with feet flat on the floor facing forward
2. eyes are straight ahead
3. hands are at the side
4. palms are facing forward
supine
lying down (face up) in the anatomical position
prone
lying down (face down) in the anatomical position
superior
towards the head end of the body
inferior
toward or away from the head
posterior (dorsal)
the back of the body
anterior (ventral)
the front of the body
proximal
nearest point of attachment to limb or structure
distal
farthest away from attachment or origin
lateral
away from the midline (middle) of the body
medial
toward the midline (middle) of the body
frontal (coronal) plane
front/back (anterior & posterior)
transverse (horizontal) plane
top & bottom (superior & inferior)
sagittal plane
left & right
abdominopelvic quadrants
- right upper quadrant
- left upper quadrant
- right lower quadrant
- left lower quadrant
** right and left of anatomical images are opposite of your right and left**
abdominopelvic regions
- right hypochondriac region
- epigastric region
- left hypochondriac region
- right lumbar region
- umbilical region
- left lumbar region
- right iliac region
- hypogastric region
- left iliac region
what do you use to change the contrast on a microscope
use the diaphragm
iris diaphragm (microscope)
- decreases amount of light as it makes the light more unidirectional
- it changes depth of the field and image contrast
how to find the total magnification for a microscope
(total) magnification = ocular x objective
- oculars the part you look through –> think binOCULARS
- always 10x
objectives (microscope)
the silver cylinders
4x objective
red stripe
10x objective
yellow stripe
40x objective
blue stripe
100x objective
black stripe
field of view
area seen through binoculars
URI microscopes are parcentral and parfocal, define these
parcentral: the area in the center of view is what you see when you move from low to higher power objective (center of the field of view remains the same)
parfocal: the part of slide in focus at lower power is still in focus at higher power. After scope is in focus on low power, DO NOT LOWER the stage when changing to higher power objectives (image remains in focus)
depth of field (microscopes)
amount of image that you can view while in focus
**note: you can change depth of field by changing iris aperture diaphragm setting
when using a microscope steps
- check light is turned low before starting
- start with lowest objective (4x)
- adjust oculars to your own eye focusing ability & width
- add the slide
- raise the stage
- focus the microscope, progressively increasing magnification as needed
major body cavities (lateral view)
- dorsal body cavity: cranial cavity, vertebral cavity
- thoracic cavity
- diaphragm
- abdominal cavity
- pelvic cavity
major body cavities (anterior view)
- cranial cavity
- vertebral cavity
- ventral body cavity (both thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities)
- abdominopelvic cavity: abdominal cavity + pelvic cavity
- thoracic cavity: super mediastinum, pleural cavity, pericardial
- diaphragm
proper focusing technique
The proper focusing technique for a microscope involves starting with the lowest power objective lens and gradually increasing magnification while carefully adjusting the focus knobs.
Describe and demonstrate the proper techniques for use and care of a compound microscope.
- when transporting a microscope use two hands (one on the base and the other on the arm)
- never touch the lens with your fingers use only specialized lens paper + lens cleaning solution
- when entering a slide make sure the stage is in its lowest position and the objective lens are in the lowest magnification
- for highest magnification (usually 100x) use immersion to improve the resolution and clarity of the image
coarse focus
The coarse focus knob is used to quickly move the objective lens closer to or farther away from the specimen. This is used to bring the image into approximate focus.
fine focus
The fine focus knob is used to make precise adjustments to the image. This is used to sharpen the focus quality of the image after it has been brought into focus with the coarse focus knob.
integumentary system function
protection from environmental hazards; temperature control
skeletal system function
support, protection of soft tissues; mineral storage; blood formation
muscular system function
locomotion, support, heat production
nervous system function
directing immediate responses to stimuli, usually by coordinating the activities of other organ systems
what is histology?
the study of tissues
—> slides are STAINED to visualize different structures within that tissue
main tissue types (4)
- epithelial
- connective
- nervous
- muscle
characteristics of epithelial tissues
- cells bound closely together
- free (apical) surface
- attached to underlying connective tissue by BASEMENT MEMBRANE
- AVASCULAR (lacks blood vessels)
- continual replacement or regeneration of cells
classification of epithelial
- 2 parts to each name
- number of cell layers
- simple (single layer)
- stratified (multiple layers)
- pseudostratified (columnar only) - cell shape
- squamous (flat)
- cuboidal (square)
- columnar (rectangular)
connective tissue types (3)
- connective tissue proper –> loose or dense
- fluid connective tissue —> blood or lymph
- supporting connective tissue —> cartilage or bone
connective tissue formula (what it is composed of) (3)
- ground substance - fluid like
- fibers - protein based
- cells - specialized
types of cartilage (3)
- hyaline
- fibrocartilage
- elastic
hyaline cartilage
- most common
- matrix is closely packed with collagen
- tough but flexible
- reduces friction between bones
elastic cartilage
- contains elastic fibers
- resilient and flexible
fibrocartilage
- little ground substance
- matrix made up of densely woven collagen fibers
- durable and tough: resists compression, absorbs shock
3 types of muscle tissue
- skeletal
- cardiac
- smooth
nerve tissue
- what are neurons made up of?
- neurons and neuroglia
- neurons are made up of a cell body, dendrites, axon
stains
dyes used to visualize different structures
- one of the most common stains used in histology is the hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain
describe what happens when H&E stain is used
- when H&E stain is used, the nuclei of cells are dyed blue by the hematoxylin
- the eosin affects a range of other structures. Collagen shows up as pale pink, while muscle fibers are a darker pink.
behind the scenes: staining the slides
- Acidophilic cytoplasm will be red and basophilic cytoplasm is
purple. Red blood cells will show up, fittingly, bright red. - The chemical processes used to process slides also tend to dilute
fat. This is why adipose vacuoles look white
parts of bone (osseos) tissue
(4)
- Osteon: The whole tree
- Osteocytes: Cells
- Lamella: like rings of a tree
- Central (Haversian) Canal: the
middle
integumentary system
consists of
The skin and associated
structures (i.e. hair and
nails)
3 layers of the skin
- epidermis
- dermis: start to see blood vessels
- hypodermis: start to see adipose tissue (fat)
epidermis
- layers of the epidermis (5)
- Outer layer of skin. Avascular,
superficial epithelium.
Layers: - Stratum corneum
- Stratum lucidum
- Stratum granulosum
- Stratum spinosum
- Stratum germinativum/basale
Come Lets Get Some Brownies
Stratum +
Corneam
Lucidum (thick skin only)
Granulosum
Spinosum
Basale
dermis
- layers of the dermis (2)
- Middle layer of skin; underlying
connective tissue
LAYERS
1. Papillary layer - superficial dermis
—>Tactile receptor (an older name is
Meissner’s corpuscle)
2. Reticular layer - deep dermis
—> Lamellated receptor (an older name is
the Pacininan corpuscle) - senses
pressure - Sweat glands
hypodermis (aka subcutaneous layer or superficial fascia)
- Not normally considered a
part of the integument - Mostly functions in fat storage
– adipose tissue! - Subcutaneous plexus - network
of blood vessels in the
hypodermis
thick vs thin skin
Thick Skin (i.e. palms, soles)
* No hair
* No sebaceous glands
* ALL 5 layers
Thin Skin
* Hair
* Sebaceous Glands
* Smooth Muscle
* 4 layers (no stratum lucidum)
head
cephalic
skull
cranium
face
facial
forehead
frons
eye
oculus or orbital
ear
auris or otic
cheek
bucca/buccal
nose
nasus/nasal
mouth
oris or oral
chin
mentis
neck
cervicis/cervical
body less head, neck and limbs
trunk
shoulder
acromial
back
dorsum/dorsal
chest
thoracis/thoracic
breast
mamma
abdomen
abdomen
navel
umbilicus
pelvis
pelvis
upper extremity
upper limb
armpit
axilla
arm
brachium/antebrachial
front of elbow
antecubitis/antecubital
back of elbow
olecranon
forearm
Antebrachium/antebrachial
wrist
carpus/carpal
palm
palma/palmar
thumb
pollex
digits or phalanx
fingers
hand
manus
groin
inguen/inguinal
pubis/pubic
pubis
loin
lumbus/lumbar
buttock
gluteus
lower extremity
lower limb
thigh
femur/femoral
kneecap
patella/patellar
leg
crus/crural
calf
sura/sural
ankle
tarsus
foot
pes
heel of foot
calcaneus
sole of foot
planta
digits or phalanx
toes
great toe
hallus
areolar
- type of connective tissue
- consists of ground substance
- collagen and elastic fibers
- variety of cells including fibroblasts (create and maintain connective tissue)
- highly vascularized, flexible, and able to support and cushion surrounding organs and tissues
adipose tissue
- type of connective tissue
- helps with energy storage and insulation
what do all 3 cartilages have
all cartilage types contain chondrocytes, which are embedded within a matrix and reside in small cavities called lacunae
cells of the blood
- red blood cells
- white blood cells
- platelets
what are intercalated discs
specialized junctions that connect cardiac muscle cells (cardiomyocytes) to each othe
tactile receptors
- found in the upper dermis but project into the epidermis
- allow us to feel touch, vibration, texture, and pressure
pacinian receptor
- found in deep within the dermis
- detect vibrations and deep pressure in the skin
