Lab practical 1 Flashcards
Collembola (non-insect hexapod)
Springtails
biplura (non-insect hexapod)
two-pronged bristletails
Protura (non-insect hexapod)
conetails
Order Microcoryphia (formerly archaeognatha)
Bristletails
1 north American family: Machilidae, 24 spp.
can take 2 years to mature
humback appearance
some can jump
have two cerci and median caudal filament
large compound eyes that often touch
order zygentoma
silverfish and firebrats
one major family in N. America: lepismatidae; 14 spp.
two long cerci flanking median caudal filament
both are dorsoventrally flattened
compound eyes reduced or gone
Order Ephemeroptera
spend most of their life as aquatic juveniles
there are many families but are very difficult to tell apart.
nymph has gills alongside their abdomen and three long filaments emerging from the rear of the abdomen
Order Odonata
Dragonflies and damselflies
a long abdomen and large compound eyes
two pairs of wings
two suborders:
- zygoptera: damselflies
- anisoptera: dragonflies
Suborder zygoptera
damselflies
hindwing and forewing are similar in size and shape
compound eyes large, nearly spherical
wings, held over the abdomen when at rest
3 main families:
- caloptyrigidae
- coenagrionidae
- lestidae
family caloptyrigidae
ebony jewelwing damselflies or broadwing damselflies
wings narrow gradually at base
wings darkened
10 or more antenidal crossveins at costal regions
Family coenagrionidae
narrow wing damselflies
wing clear, except for perostigma
2 antinodal crossveins on costal margin
family lestidae
spread-wing damselfly
wing often held outward and away from body when at rest
2 antenodal crossvein at costal margin
Suborder anisophora
dragonflies
hindwings wider at the base than the forewings
compound eyes hemispherical
wings held horizontally at rest, perpendicular to the body
family aeschidae
“darter” dragonflies
compound eyes that rest on top
triangle in the wing venation
family libellulidae
common skimmer dragonflies
compound eyes that meet at the top of the head
the anal loop of the hindwing is boot-shaped
family gomphidae
clubtail dragonflies
eyes do not meet
final segment of abdomen often enlarged
Order dermaptera
Earwigs
often scavengers or herbivores
some viviparous
female earwigs demonstrate subsocial behavior
cerci enlarge to form forceps, some can be IDed or sexed by their forceps
some are apterous, others have shortened tegmina
major family: forficulidae
family forficulidae
largest earwing family
>460 spp. worldwide and 66 genera
order plectoptera
stoneflies
another aquatic juvenile order. some species require years to develop into adults
adults live for a few weeks
filiform antennae
adults retain cerci
difficult to key out species
ORder Orthoptera
grasshoppers, katydids, crickets
forwings adapted as tegmina
saltatorial legs
tarsal segments unique to species
2 suborders:
- caelifera: chisel bearers
- ensifera: sword bearers
family tettigoniidae
long-horned grasshopper
antennae of body length or longer
tarsi 4 4 4
ovipositor pronounced, scimitar-shaped
wings projected
often leaf mimics
family raphidiophoridae
cave and camel crickets
antennae body length or more
wingless
dorsum prominently arched
tarsi 4 4 4
family acrididae
short-horned grasshopper
short antennae
pronotum does not extend over abdomen
tarsi sequence 3 3 3
ovipositor short
family tetrigidae
pygmy grasshoppers
antennae short
quite small
pronotum extends over the entire abdomen, almost to the wing tips
Family Gryllidae
crickets, field crickets
antennae of body length or longer
ocelli absent
small spinules on the hind tibia and long spines
order plasmotodea
stick insects and walking sticks
only one major family in N America: Diapheromeridae
highly cryptic
antennae long
prothorax shorter than mesothorax and metathorax
family Diapheromeridae
Diapheromeridae is a family of stick insects (order Phasmatodea). They belong to the superfamily Anareolatae of suborder Verophasmatodea.[1]
The family contains some huge species
mantodea
mantids
1 family: mantidae
raptorial forelegs
all are predatory
lay eggs in ootheca
triangular head
3 of the 5 common species in the US are not native
family mantidae
Mantidae is one of the largest families in the order of praying mantises, however, most genera are tropical or subtropical.
Blattodea
cockroaches and termites
3 major families:
- blattidae: cockroaches (oriental and American)
- ectobiidae: wood cockroaches and german cockroaches
- rhinotermatidae: termites
termites are thought to have evolved from social good cockroaches
tarsi 5 segments
family blattidae
Blattidae is a cockroach family in the order Blattodea containing several of the most common household cockroaches
family ectobiidae
Ectobiidae is a family of the order Blattodea. This family contains many of the smaller common household pest cockroaches, among others. They are sometimes called wood cockroaches
family rhinotermidae
Rhinotermitidae is a family of wood-soil interface feeding termites commonly known as the Subterranean termites. Many members of this family are known pests that can cause extensive damage to buildings or other wooden structures.
Order Thysanoptera
thrips
tiny plant pests
most are fungivores
fringed wings, asymmetrical mouthparts
common plant virus vector
Order psocodea
lice, book lice, bark lice
Small detritivores
every species of mammal has louse species specialized for them
Order Hemiptera
a large order
forewing often adapted for defense
often hemelytra
piercing, sucking mouthparts
suborders:
- sternorrhyncha
- auchenorrhyncha
- heteroptera
Suborder sternorrhyncha
aphids, whiteflies, and scale insects
very small
scale insects sessile as adults
all are plant feeders
life history
- eusocial
- flightless forms
- sexual dimorphism
- parthenogenesis
suborder auchenorrhyncha (or homoptera)
includes spittlebugs and cicadas
frequently can produce audible sound via stridulation
forewings tend to be uniform in composition
family aphididae
aphids
soft bodies
2 cornicles on posterior of abdomen
some are wingless, some not
parthenogenesis
superfamily coccoidea
scale insects
females are wingless, often with waxy fur protection.
males with 1 pair of wings, no beak, tarsi 1 1 1 with a single claw
family acanaloniidae
planthoppers
small insects with wings nearly vertical.
laterally flattened
family cercopidae
froghopper and spittlebugs
antennae positioned
1 or 2 spines on tibia
family cicadellidae
leaf hoppers
hind tibia have 1 or more rows of spines
family cicadidae
cicadas
membranous forewings
cluster of 3 ocelli between compound eyes
family flatidae
flatid planthoppers
laterally flattened
family fulgoridae
lanternflies
poorly represented in N. America
often elongated snout
hindwing anal region often crossveins
family membranacidae
tree hoppers
pronotum highly modified
often thorn mimic
suborder heteroptera
true bugs
previously an order unto itself
many families
family alydidae
broad-headed bug
usually dark
forewing highly veined
four segmented
family belostomatidae
giant water bug
raptorial forelegs
short tegmina
family cimicidea
bedbugs
flat, oval-shaped
vestigial wings if present
antennae 4 segments
family coreidae
leaf footed bugs
forewings membrane highly veined, four segmented antennae
head narrower than pronotum
usually dark-colored and >10mm
occasionally hind tibia dilated and leaf shaped
family corixidae
water boatman
dorsal surface flattened
family gerridae
water strider
long legs
family lygaeidae
seed bugs
small
membrane of forewings
family miridae
plant bugs or leaf bugs
ocelli absent
tarsi 3 3 3
family nepidae
water scorpion
raptorial legs
2 long breathing tubes
family notonectidae
backswimmers
dorsum strongly convex with no dark crossline
swim upside down
family pentatomidae
stink bugs
broadly oval
scutellum large and triangular
antennae 5 segments
family reduviidae
assassin bug
ocelli absent
tree segment beak
family rhopalidae
scentless plant bugs
ocelli present and very large
family tingidae
lace bug
small
body and wing reticulated
pronotum has triangular extension covering the scutellum
Diptera
“two wings”
currently the second most speciose order
lots of ongoing research as to the phylogeny
taxonomy currently under review
suborder nematocera
mosquitos, crane flies, gnats, midges
thread horn
referring to antennae (>6 segments)
larvae often aquatic
suborder brachycera
short horn
- referring to antennae
a suborder of Diptera including the more highly specialized flies which have palpi with one or two joints and usually short antennae with one or never more than six joints
Cyclorrhapha
circular seam flies
- referrign to the puparium
sometimes referred to muscamorpha
family chironomidae
non-biting midges, bloodworms
delicate, often with head overhung by humped thorax
family culicidae
mosquitos
very small
slender body; stilt legs
antennae 13 segments; ornate plumage in males
wings have scales along veins
family simuliidae
black flies, buffalo gnats
small flies
sub-costal appearance
robust antennae
antennae 11 segments, simple, rarely longer than head
family tipulidae
crane flies
mesonotum with V-shaped suture
much larger than culicidae
stilt legs
poor fliers
family mycetophilidae
common around decaying vegetation and fungi
fungus gnats
small hunched insects
brachycera
robber flies, bee flies, horse flies, long-legged flies
reduced antennae
often predators or scavengers
frontal suture absent
family asilidae
robber flies
medium-sized flies
slender body
bristle legs
face below the antennae strongly produced
hollow between eyes
family bombyliidae
fluffy and cute
no hollow in head
veins in wing tips are often wavy
family dolichopodidae
small
metallic, bluish, greenish, bronze flies
antennae 3 segments
family family tabanidae
horseflies an deerflies
wings with large calypters
veins R4 and R5 divergent and enclosed wing tips and shape a Y-shape
large with wide eyes
suborder cyclorrhapha
house flies, blow flies, flesh flies
antennae 6 segments with terminal arista
frontal suture common
cyclorrhapha = muscomorpha
within the suborder there are 4 main groups
- aschizophora
- schizophora
- calypterate
- acalypterate
the scizophora have a structure called the ptilinum with aids in eclosion
the aschizophora lack this, and therefore lack a fronal suture
calypterate flies have calypters on their forewings
acalypterate flies lack this
notable anatomical features include calypters, halteres, spurs, arista, and third antennal segment
family syrphidae
hoverflies
often brightly colored, agile powerful fliers
wings with a spurious vein
Hymenoptera mimics
family Calliphoridae
blow flies
body metallic blue, green, black
arista plumose for tentire body
two notopleural bristles
family muscidae
house flies
arista usually plumose for the entire length
hypopleuron usually without bristles; generally more than one sternopleural bristles
vein 2A short and not reaching wing margin
family sarcophagidae
flesh flies
medium size black and gray fly
longitudinally striped on the thorax and checkering on the abdomen
4 notopleural bristles
family tachinidae
tachinid flies
arista usually bare
family drosphilidae
vinegar and wine flies
very small
antennae aristate
often light red
lower calypter much reduced or absent
family tephritidae
Fruit flies
wing often patterned; many mimics flower slider
Order lepidoptera
Butterflies and moth
scale wings
two pairs of wings
juvenile mouthparts mandibulate, adult mouthparts reduced to a proboscis
butterflies have club antennae
moths have plumose and filiform antennae
most moths have a structure called a frenulum which connects the two wings
Family attevidae
tropical ermine moths
1” wingspan
extraordinary orange and white spotted pattern
only one species in North America
family sesiidae
clearwing moths
wingspan ~1”
wings without scales except for the veins
pollinator
hymenoptera mimic
forewings narrower than hindwing
family Limacodidae
cup moth
common green on wings
reduced frenulum
stout, short-winged, hairy bodies
wingspan 0.5”-1.5”
Family tortricidae
tortrix moths
wingspan 0.5-1”
forewing squarish with a costal margin that rises close to the body
cape-like at rest
family pterophoridae
plume moth
wingspan 0.5-1.5”
very long narrow plume-like wings
held in a t fashion
family sphingidae
hawk moths
2-4”
large
forewings considerably larger than the hindwings
family saturniidae
saturniid moths
2-7”
no frenulum
large-bodied, very fuzzy
vestigial moutparts
family Lasiocampidae
lappet moth
1-2”
similar to saturniids but smaller and hairier wings
hindwings fiscal cell open to margin
family geometridae
geometer moths
0.5-1”
forewings and hindwings similar shapes notably as wide as tall with patterns that continue from forewings to hindwings
family pyralidae
grass moths, grains oths, snout moths
“microleps” <0.5-1.5”
forewing narrower than hindwings
may have long palps and tibia spurs
family notocontidae
prominent moths
1-2” stout bodies, often very hairy
forewing inner margin may feature a protruding tooth pattern may continue onto costal margin
family noctuidae
owlet moths
0.5-2”
forewings gray, brown, and heavily patterned with lines, dashes, orbicular, and reniform spots
family Erebidae
little moths, tiger moths, tussock moths, underwing moths
1-5”
bright colors on forewing and hindwing
non-colorful parts are cryptic in coloration
Family hesperiidae
Skipper butterfly
curved hooked antennae
dark brown or orange
hold wings at different angles at rest
5 branches of R vein are not branches
Family papilionidae
swallowtail butterflies
largest US butterflies
bright colors
Tail like projections on hind wing often
family pieridae
whites, sulfur, and orangetips
small or medium-sized
color variation
white, yellow, orange, with black wing margin
family lycaenidae
blue, copper and hairstreaks
small and slender bodies, often iridescent
males often have reduced forelegs
eyes emarginate and lined with white
antennae often ringed with white
family riodinidae
metalmark butterflies
small
metallic dots on lines of wings
family nymphalidae
fritillaries, viceropys, monarchs, buckeyes, helioconionus
bush-footed
forelegs vestigial; lack claws
Order megaloptera
Large wings
head and thorax are hard sclerotized
tarsi 5 5 5
larvae are all aquatic predators
pupae are terrestrial with exaggerated mandibles
aquatic larvae with two alan prolegs called hellgrammites
found in swift-moving rivers and streams
adult males with large mandibles
nocturnal
Family sialidae
Alderflies
aquatic larvae in lakes and ponds
adults hold wings tent-like over body
larvae look similar but don’t have prolegs
generally smaller
order neuroptera
lace wings, antlions, mantidflies
wings with lots of venation
adults have mandibulate moutparts
both wings similar
family chrysopidae
green lacewings
mostly green
4 hyaline lace-like wings
eggs on stalk
family hemerobiidae
brown lacewings
smaller than green
tend to have hairy wings
larvae of ten found in woodlands
eggs not stalked
family myrmeleontidae
antlions
long wings, almost dragonfly-like
short hooked antennae
family ascalaphidae
owlfly
something between a butterfly and a dragonfly
bulging eyes and long-knobbed antennae
eggs laid on branches and larvae crawl into leaf litter
very few species in North America
family mantispidae
mantis flies
looks like a mantis with the body of a lacewing
raptorial forelegs
moniliform antennae
Order raphidioptera
snakeflies
elongated prothorax
females have long needle oviposition
adults and larvae are predators
require cold for complete development (obligate diapause)
larvae persist for a very long time
only in the western US
Order Trichoptera
Caddisfly
case makers
hairy wings
caddis comes from the greek cadyss meaning silk
1500 spp.
look like moths
long filiform antennae
larvae and pupae aquatic
Order mecoptera
scorpionflies, hangflies, and fleas
some scorpionflies and all fleas have lost flight
long horse like faces
until recently fleas were their own order
order hymenoptera
wasps, bees, ants, sawflies
4 membraneous wings
reduced venation
hindwings have hamuli, tiny hooks that attach forewing to hindwing
larvae are either euriciform (caterpillar-like) or apodous (grub-like)
modifications of the arrangements of body segments of the trie thorax and abdomen
family tenthredinidae
largest family of sawflies
antennae threadlike
very common often brightly colored
no petiole and gastor
family siricidae
horntail
fairly large
female with 2 large structures at end of abdomen
pronotum is wide
cornus - horn on top of abdomen
symbiotic relationship with white rot fungi
family ichneumonidae
ichneumon wasps
very long ovipositor
very diverse family
biocontrol
horse head cell in forewings
diversity: host diversity and biology
Family braconidae
braconid wasps
smaller than ichneumonidae
smaller and shorter abdomen
very diverse family
family chalcididae
chalcid wasp
very small 1/10-1/4”
enlarged hind femur
family pelecinidae
shiny and black
females with very large abdomen, males have shorter
1 species in N america
family chrysididae
cuckoo wasp
green or blue heavily pitted cuticle
4 segment abdomen is vertically concave
family tiphidae
tiphiid wasp
brown or black
~1”
generally hairy
females tend to be wingless
males have upturned hook on abdomen
family mutillidae
not ants
velvet ants
both seces covered in pubescense
females are flightless
covered red and fuzzy
family pompilidae
spider wasps
mainly 0.5-1” but some western species are larger
most are dark-colored with smokey wings
parasites of spiders
slender, long legs
family scoliidae
scoliid wasps
large, hairy, generally black with yellow on abdomen
sexual dimorphism - males more slender
family vespidae
paper wasps
eusocial wasps
family foricidae
ants
pedicels of the abdomen which is one of two segments and bears an upright lobe
antennae usually elbowed
family crabronidae
square-headed wasp
small-medium size
stocky
family colletidae
plaster bees
1/10-1/2”
short-tongued bee
quite hairy
family holictidae
sweet bees
second largest family of bees
1/10-1/2”
often metallic color
short tongue bee
family andrenidae
mining bees
1/5-3/5”
brown, reddish brown, yellow and unmarked
short tongue bee
family melittidea
1/4-1/2”
rare
dark color
pair of sutures on face
short tongue bee
family apidae
hugely diverse, largest family of bees
long-tongued bees
3 main subfamilies
- Xylocopinae
-Nomadinae
-Apinae
family megachilidae
1/3-2/3”
long-tongued bee
robust
2 submarginal cells
female carries pollen on hair (scopa) on the underside of abdomen
Order Coleoptera
beetles
3 larval forms
- campodeiform: predatory
- scarabaeiform: grub
- elateriform: armored
suborder archostemata
reticulated beetles
suborder myxophaga
bog beetles
suborder adephaga
ground, water, and whirligigs
40,000 spp in 10 families
mostly predatory
first abdominal belly appears divided by coxa and hind leg
small head
simple antennae
suborder polyphaga
most speciose
350,000 species
144 families; 16 superfamilies
family haliplidae
crawling water beetles
large coxal plates
elytra strongly convex
round and small
serrate antennae
young have long filamentous gills covering whole body
family dytiscidae
predatory diving beetle
oval, streamline
pronotum pronouced
elytra smooth
simple antennae
family gyrinidae
whirligig beetles
oval, flattened body
paddle-like legs
elytra smooth and don’t go all the way down
their eyes are split in two to see above and below the water
semi-social
family Carabidae
ground beetles
sharp margined pronotum, narrower than elytra
basic antennae
elytra fully covered
hind trochanter enlarged
cursorial legs
3-20mm
family rhipiceridae
cicada parasites
oval, elongated
elytra covers wings
11-25mm
males have ornate flabellate antennae
family buprestidae
jewel beetles
elytra and integuments often metallic and shiny
pronotum is mostly wider than long
elytra elongated and tapered at apex; bullet-shaped
5-20mm
family cantharidae
soldier beetles
long slender legs
flattened, leathery elytra
head not usually concealed by pronotum
elytra often shortened
glandular pores along abdomen
generally bright
4th tarsomere lobed
family elateridae
click beetles
distinct shape-parallel
usually brown or black
posterior corner of the pronotum prolonged backward into a sharp point
jump without legs
long and flattened
often covered in hair
family lycidae
net-winged beetle
serrate antennae
soft body, soft elytra
front wing reticulate with longitudinal ridges
head concealed from above
color usually red, black, yellow
family lampyridae
fireflies
soft body and flattened
head covered by pronotum
large eyes
elytra go all the way down
luminous abdominal segments
family histeridae
clown beetles
geniculate antennae
patches of sensory hairs
short elytra
coxa widely separated
boxy with tiny legs
small-medium size
family hydrophilidae
water scavenger beetles
pronotum wider than the head
antennae short
maxillary palps elongated, usually longer than the antennae
family staphylinidae
rove beetles
majority are long and slender with flexible abdomen
filiform or clavate antennae
mostly small
very sort elytra
family silphidae
carrion beetles
clavate or clubbed antennae
pronotum broader than head
hardened elytra
generally, black and yellow, black orange, black red
family lucanidae
stag beetles
mandibles
of males and females pronounced
- usually more pronounced in males
lamellate antennae, often elbowed
pronotum narrower
family scarabaeidae
scarab beetles
lamellate antennae
legs adapted for burrowing with toothed foretibia
prominent scutellum
family dermestidae
carpet beetles
oblong/oval
pronotum broader than long
short antennae with abrupt 3 segment club
generally black or brown
appear to be somewhat fuzzy
family bostrichidae
branch and twig borers
narrow cylindrical body
rectangular
convex hood on pronotum
pronotum studded with teeth
family coccinellidae
lady beetles
head often concealed by pronotum
extremely convex and smooth
antennae short
family cerambycidae
longhorn beetles
antennae very long
pronotum narrower than elytra
eyes notched where antennas emerge
family chrysomeridae
leaf beetles
distinct bilobed third tarsal segments
- heart-shaped feet
short antennae
extremely variable
pronotum will be wider than the head
curculionidae
true weevils
flexible elytra
flattened pronotum
elbowed, clubbed antennae
can be small
distinct snout
hard body
has subfamilies
family erotylidae
pleasing fungus beetles
elongated oval shape
often reddish/yellow
wider head
family nitidulidae
sap beetles
elytra shortened
clubbed antennae
small
black or brown with orange color
family cuclidae
flat bark beetle
flattened, elongated
triangular head
filiform antennae
family cleridae
checkered beetles
colorful
body elongated and narrow
pronotum and head narrow
pronotum longer than wide
predators of bark beetles
family rhipiphoridae
wedge-shaped beetle
look like flies
elytra very reduced
males have exaggerated flabellate antennae that look like eyelashes
visible clear wings
family mordellidae
tumbling flower beetle
humpback
abdomen strongly pointed
elytra don’t come all the way down
family meloidae
blister beetles
head broader than pronotum
pronotum small
leathery elytra
triungulin larvae
family tenebrionidae
mealworms or darkling beetles
eyes notched by frontal ridges usually dark
diverse form
moniliform antennae
