Lab practical 1

Question 1

Prokaryotic cells (simplest organism)

Answer 1

Unicellular, no nucleus & membrane bound organelles , DNA in nucleoid, has ribosomes

Question 2

What are the two domains of prokaryotes?

Answer 2

Archea and bacteria

Question 3

Three shapes of prokaryotes

Answer 3

Cocci, spiral and rods

Question 4

what are protist classified as?Are they fungi, plants or animals?

Answer 4

They are eukaryotes ; eukarya kingdoms

Question 5

Fungi classification

Answer 5

Eukarya, multi, create spores and contain cell walls

Question 6

Yeast are classified as?

Answer 6

Unicellular fungi

Question 7

Plant classified?

Answer 7

Eukarya, cellulose, autrophos, contain cell walls

Question 8

Three tissues of plants?

Answer 8

Dermal, ground and vascular

Question 8

Tissues of animal kingdom?

Answer 8

connective, epethalial, muscles and nervous

Question 8

Animal classifcation

Answer 8

eukarya, no cell walls, heterotrophs

Question 8

function of epithelial tissues

Answer 8

protection, thicc layers, absorb & secrete

Question 8

Function of connective tissue

Answer 8

support, connect, anchor produces blood cells and store fat

Question 8

Synapomorphy

Answer 8

derived traits in an entire group/species that is shared and not necessary share by common ancestor

Question 8

Nodes on a phylogenetic tree

Answer 8

common ancestor

Question 8

Function of nervous tissues

Answer 8

control by sending signals

Question 8

what is derived in phylogenetic?

Answer 8

recent new traits/character in organism that came from most recent ancestor (usually by mutation)

Question 8

Apomorphy

Answer 8

derived traits that is unique to group/species, it can show common ancestry (recent) or result of convergent evolution

Question 8

Autapomorphy

Answer 8

One derived trait specie by itself / one taxon

Question 8

Phylogeny

Answer 8

Evolutionary history of species & their relationships

Question 9

Function of muscles

Answer 9

movement & generate force

Question 9

Homoplasy

Answer 9

a character that’s shared by at least 2 organisms individually

Question 10

Pleisomorphy

Answer 10

ancestral trait

Question 11

Monophyletic

Answer 11

all descendants came from one common ancestor

Question 12

Paraphyletic group

Answer 12

group that came from a common ancestor population and some of its descendant but not all

Question 13

Polypheletic group

Answer 13

species that share similar traits but didn’t come from same ancestor

Question 14

crossing over only happens in?

Answer 14

Meiosis I

Question 15

Purposes of chi-square?

Answer 15

to compared observed result with expected to see if there’s a difference

Question 16

in chi-square data, it’s important to use frequencies T/F

Answer 16

false- important to use count not frequencies or %

Question 17

if p value is >0.05

Answer 17

not significant, no difference

Question 18

p < 0.05

Answer 18

Significant; there’s a difference

Question 19

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

Answer 19

genotype and their allele frequencies in a population for a given trait remain the same over time

Question 20

Only criteria are met in hardy weinberg

Answer 20

No immigration, no emigration, no mutation, no selection and no genetic drift

Question 21

Mitosis

Answer 21

cell divide 1x , giving 2 identical diploid daughters

Question 22

meosis

Answer 22

cell divide 2x, produces 4 different unique haploid cells

Question 23

what affects allele frequencies?

Answer 23

natural selection (3) and genetic drift & gene flow

Question 24

what r the 3 natural selection?

Answer 24

directional, disruptive and stabilizing

Question 25

what is directional selection?

Answer 25

when natural selection favor one extreme trait over the other

Question 26

Stabilizing selection?

Answer 26

when natural selection favors moderate trait but against both extreme

Question 27

disruptive selection

Answer 27

when is favor both extreme trait but not moderate

Question 28

where is foremen magnum on bipedal (human)?

Answer 28

foremen magnum locate bottom of the cranium

Question 29

foremen magnum on quadruple (canine) ?

Answer 29

locate towards the back of the cranium

Question 30

how & why do we quantify?

Answer 30

central tendency & variability

Question 31

what r the central tendency ?

Answer 31

mean, median, mode and standard deviation

Question 32

what is ANOVA?

Answer 32

analysis of variance is used to compare three or more means of different groups

Question 33

what is a t-test?

Answer 33

analysis of variance that compares means from two group only

Question 34

incisors

Answer 34

front teeth ( wedge-shaped)

Question 35

Molars

Answer 35

back teeth, chewing teeth (broad & flat)

Question 36

class 1 lever

Answer 36

when fulcrum is between the load & effort

Question 37

class 2 lever

Answer 37

when load is between fulcrum and effort

Question 38

class 2 lever

Answer 38

when effort is between fulcrum & load

Question 39

what jaw based on lever r the weakest?

Answer 39

human jaw, 3rd lever

Question 40

what is common class lever?

Answer 40

3rd lever

Question 41

most official class lever?

Answer 41

1st lever

Question 42

most strongest lever?

Answer 42

2nd lever

Question 43

how can you calculate different lever system ?

Answer 43

Mechanical advantage (MA)= FO/FI

Question 44

biting involves what muscles?

Answer 44

temporalis muscles pull against the coronoid process

Question 45

chewing involves what muscles?

Answer 45

masseter muscles pulling against the mandibular