Lab practical 1 Flashcards
Prokaryotic cells (simplest organism)
Unicellular, no nucleus & membrane bound organelles , DNA in nucleoid, has ribosomes
What are the two domains of prokaryotes?
Archea and bacteria
Three shapes of prokaryotes
Cocci, spiral and rods
what are protist classified as?Are they fungi, plants or animals?
They are eukaryotes ; eukarya kingdoms
Fungi classification
Eukarya, multi, create spores and contain cell walls
Yeast are classified as?
Unicellular fungi
Plant classified?
Eukarya, cellulose, autrophos, contain cell walls
Three tissues of plants?
Dermal, ground and vascular
Tissues of animal kingdom?
connective, epethalial, muscles and nervous
Animal classifcation
eukarya, no cell walls, heterotrophs
function of epithelial tissues
protection, thicc layers, absorb & secrete
Function of connective tissue
support, connect, anchor produces blood cells and store fat
Synapomorphy
derived traits in an entire group/species that is shared and not necessary share by common ancestor
Nodes on a phylogenetic tree
common ancestor
Function of nervous tissues
control by sending signals
what is derived in phylogenetic?
recent new traits/character in organism that came from most recent ancestor (usually by mutation)
Apomorphy
derived traits that is unique to group/species, it can show common ancestry (recent) or result of convergent evolution
Autapomorphy
One derived trait specie by itself / one taxon
Phylogeny
Evolutionary history of species & their relationships
Function of muscles
movement & generate force
Homoplasy
a character that’s shared by at least 2 organisms individually
Pleisomorphy
ancestral trait
Monophyletic
all descendants came from one common ancestor
Paraphyletic group
group that came from a common ancestor population and some of its descendant but not all
Polypheletic group
species that share similar traits but didn’t come from same ancestor
crossing over only happens in?
Meiosis I
Purposes of chi-square?
to compared observed result with expected to see if there’s a difference
in chi-square data, it’s important to use frequencies T/F
false- important to use count not frequencies or %
if p value is >0.05
not significant, no difference
p < 0.05
Significant; there’s a difference
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
genotype and their allele frequencies in a population for a given trait remain the same over time
Only criteria are met in hardy weinberg
No immigration, no emigration, no mutation, no selection and no genetic drift
Mitosis
cell divide 1x , giving 2 identical diploid daughters
meosis
cell divide 2x, produces 4 different unique haploid cells
what affects allele frequencies?
natural selection (3) and genetic drift & gene flow
what r the 3 natural selection?
directional, disruptive and stabilizing
what is directional selection?
when natural selection favor one extreme trait over the other
Stabilizing selection?
when natural selection favors moderate trait but against both extreme
disruptive selection
when is favor both extreme trait but not moderate
where is foremen magnum on bipedal (human)?
foremen magnum locate bottom of the cranium
foremen magnum on quadruple (canine) ?
locate towards the back of the cranium
how & why do we quantify?
central tendency & variability
what r the central tendency ?
mean, median, mode and standard deviation
what is ANOVA?
analysis of variance is used to compare three or more means of different groups
what is a t-test?
analysis of variance that compares means from two group only
incisors
front teeth ( wedge-shaped)
Molars
back teeth, chewing teeth (broad & flat)
class 1 lever
when fulcrum is between the load & effort
class 2 lever
when load is between fulcrum and effort
class 2 lever
when effort is between fulcrum & load
what jaw based on lever r the weakest?
human jaw, 3rd lever
what is common class lever?
3rd lever
most official class lever?
1st lever
most strongest lever?
2nd lever
how can you calculate different lever system ?
Mechanical advantage (MA)= FO/FI
biting involves what muscles?
temporalis muscles pull against the coronoid process
chewing involves what muscles?
masseter muscles pulling against the mandibular
