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Microbiology > Lab practical 1 > Flashcards

Lab practical 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is appropriate PPE?

A

Gloves, lab coats, closed toe shoes, long hair tied

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2
Q

Where do gloves and used plate cultures go for disposal?

A

Biohazard bag

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3
Q

Moves stage up/down and side to side

A

Stage controls

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4
Q

Moves stage closer/further from object lens

A

Course focus

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5
Q

Brings specimens into sharp focus

A

Fine focus

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6
Q

Focuses light

A

Condenser

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7
Q

Varies the intensity and size of the cone of light

A

Iris

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8
Q

Total magnification of light compound microscope =

A

Objective lens x eyepiece

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9
Q

Used to describe the sharpness and detail of the image

A

Resolution

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10
Q

Used to describe the enlargement of an object under the microscope

A

Magnification

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11
Q

Sphere microorganisms

A

Coccus

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12
Q

Rod microorganisms

A

Bacillus

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13
Q

Spiral microorganisms

A

Spirillum

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14
Q

Chain microorganisms

A

Strepto

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15
Q

Cluster microorganisms

A

Staphylo

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16
Q

Types of microscopy: light goes through the condenser
Dark object on light background

A

Bright field microscopy

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17
Q

Types of microscopy: light object on a dark background
Unstained organisms

A

Dark field microscopy

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18
Q

Types of microscopy: hollow cone of light
Improves contrast between object/background

A

Phase control microscopy

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19
Q

Types of microscopy: bright object dark background
Chemiluminescence
Phosphorescence

A

Fluorescence microscopy

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20
Q

Types of microscopy: electrons bounce off specimen
Visualization of the surface of specimen
Specimens coated in electron dense material

A

Scanning electron miscroscopy

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21
Q

Types of microscopy: beam of electrons pass through the specimen

A

Transmission electron microscopy

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22
Q

Multicellular fungi
Hyphae

A

Multicellular filamentous molds

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23
Q

Portion that obtains nutrients

A

Vegetative hyphae

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24
Q

Projects above the surface of the fungi, reproduction

A

Aerial hyphae

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25
Q

Incomplete budding of yeast cell

A

Pseudohyphae

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26
Q

Eukaryotes: fungi
Grow best at room temp and acidic ph 5.6
Fruiting bodies visible above ground

A

Macroscopic filamentous fungi

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27
Q

Eukaryotes: fungi
Single-celled
Multiple through budding
Sometimes opportunistic pathogens
Bread, brewing

A

Yeasts

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28
Q

Eukaryotes: algae
Unicellular, green
Photosynthetic
Found in temperature soils

A

Chlamydomonas

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29
Q

More closely related to eukaryotes than bacteria
Not pathogenic
Minority of exteemophiles

A

Archaea

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30
Q

Bacteria motility: corkscrew motion

A

Spirochetes

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31
Q

Bacteria motility: “run” and “tumble”

A

Flagellar

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32
Q

Bacteria motility: twitching/gliding motion

A

Pilli

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33
Q

Bacteria non-motile movement
Random
Collisions

A

Brownian movement

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34
Q

Staining: penetrates cell wall
Cell wall negatively charged
Positive charged any basic can be used (crystal violet, methylene blue)

A

Simple staining

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35
Q

Staining: stains background, not cell
Acidic dye, negatively charged

A

Negative staining

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36
Q

Staining: allows to differential between cell types
Gram staining

A

Differential staining

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37
Q

Gram stain: Purple stain

A

Gram positive

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38
Q

Gram stain: pink stain

A

Gram negative

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39
Q

Two extremes: oxygen is 100% intolerable, oxygen is 100% required

A

Obligate anaerobe or aerobe

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40
Q

Oxygen not necessary but can be tolerated
Oxygen may be beneficial

A

Facultative anaerobe

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41
Q

Cannot use oxygen
Oxygen not harmful

A

Aerotolerant anaerobes

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42
Q

Need oxygen but at lower levels

A

Microaerophiles

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43
Q

Kills microbes from tools, media, tables, other surfaces, gloves, etc.

A

Sterilization

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44
Q

Methods of sterilization

A

Autoclaves (moist heat)
Oven (dry heat)
Filtration
Radiation (UV and gamma)

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45
Q

Types of media: allows for fast growth
High density of microbes

A

Liquid (broth)

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46
Q

Types of media: used to check for motility
Anaerobic growth

A

Semi-solid

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47
Q

Types of media: used for colony isolation

A

Solid (agar)
Any broth can be made solid

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48
Q

Types of media: selects for certain types of bacteria

A

Selective media

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49
Q

Types of media: differentiates between bacteria

A

Differential media

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50
Q

Plating techniques: plate liquid sample containing bacteria
Can determine amount of bacterial cells in original liquid culture

A

Spread plate

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51
Q

Micropipette ranges: 0.1-2.0

A

P2

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52
Q

Micropipette ranges: 0.5-20.0

A

P20

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53
Q

Micropipette ranges: 20.0-200.0

A

P200

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54
Q

Micropipette ranges: 100-1000

A

P1000

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55
Q

Counts love and dead to get total number

A

Direct counting

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56
Q

Only counts living

A

Viable counting

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57
Q

Viable counting range

A

(TFTC) 30-300 (TNTC)

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58
Q

Light is inversely proportional to number of cells
Spectrophotometer

A

Turbidity

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59
Q

Dilute culture in stepwise manner

A

Serial dilution

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60
Q

Measures light absorbance at specific wavelength

A

Spectrophotometer

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61
Q

Phases of bacterial growth: No cell division

A

Lag phase

62
Q

Phases of bacterial growth: generation time constant in

A

Exponential growth phase

63
Q

Phases of bacterial growth: reproduction and death are balanced in

A

Stationary phase

64
Q

Phases of bacterial growth: death rate exceeds reproduction in

A

Death phase

65
Q

Common storage methods for culture samples

A

Agar slants
Permanents
Freezing cultures
Lyophilized cultures

66
Q

Recommended storage time: less than 2 weeks

A

Agar plates

67
Q

Recommended storage time: 3weeks to 6 months

A

Agar slants

68
Q

Recommended storage time: 3 weeks to 12 months
Stored at room temp or cooler

A

Stab culture

69
Q

Long term storage 1-3 years
-20C or -80C

A

Freezing cultures

70
Q

Long term storage 15+ years
Culture is dried and frozen

A

Lyophilization

71
Q

Common stressors

A

Temperature
pH
Osmotic pressure
Radiation exposure

72
Q

Temperature classifications: 0-20C

A

Psychrophiles

73
Q

Temperature classifications: 20-45C

A

Mesophiles

74
Q

Temperature classifications: 45-80C

A

Thermophiles

75
Q

Temperature classifications: 75-130C

A

Hyperthermophiles

76
Q

pH classifications: pH 0 to 5.5
Vinegar, lemon juice

A

Acidophiles

77
Q

pH classifications: pH 5.5 to 8
Water, blood

A

Neutrophiles

78
Q

pH classifications: pH 8 to 14
Bleach, drain cleaner

A

Alkalphiles

79
Q

Osmotic pressure classifications: low (solute) outside cell compared to inside

A

Hypotonic

80
Q

Osmotic pressure classifications: high (solute) outside cell compared to inside

A

Hypertonic

81
Q

Osmotic pressure classifications: equal (solute) inside/outside

A

Isotonic

82
Q

DNA repair: need light for activation
Photolyase
Repairs thymine dimers
Less likely to cause mutations

A

Photoreactivation

83
Q

DNA repair: recombination repair
DNA polymerase repairs new gap
Prone to mutations

A

RecA

84
Q

Several different species occupying the same area

A

Community

85
Q

Amplifies known sequence of DNA via ‘primers’
Applications: sequencing, molecular cloning, forensics, diagnostics (COVID)

A

Polymerase chain reaction

86
Q

Derived from a thermophilic bacterium
Thermostable up to 95C

A

Taq polymerase

87
Q

Utilizes temperatures and duration that are programmed into the machine

A

Thermocycler

88
Q

Control that isn’t expected to give result

A

Negative control

89
Q

Control that is expected to give result

A

Positive control

90
Q

Highly concerved
All microbes will have the same NT sequence
Positive control

A

fis

91
Q

Variable gene
Different microbes have different NT sequence for this gene
Allow us to identify the organism

A

dps

92
Q

Relative ability of microbes to survive and grow in a particular environment

A

Fitness

93
Q

Can evolve to increase their fitness:

A

Horizontal gene transfer
Recombination
Mutation

94
Q

Separates nucleic acids/proteins based on size
Molecules are mobilized in an electric field - RUN TO RED

A

Gel electrophoresis

95
Q

Made of agarose and buffer
Increased % is better for smaller molecules
Decreased % is better for larger molecules

A

Agarose gel

96
Q

Adds weight to the DNA to keep it in the well
Easier to see

A

Loading dye

97
Q

Contains fragments of known sizes

A

DNA ladder

98
Q

Binds to DNA and allows visualization once placed on blue light

A

Gel stain

99
Q

Soil Horizons: O =

A

Humus layer

100
Q

Soil Horizons: A =

A

Topsoil

101
Q

Soil Horizons: B =

A

Subsoil

102
Q

Soil Horizons: C =

A

Regolith

103
Q

Soil Horizons: R=

A

Unweathered bedrock

104
Q

What have the largest biomass

A

Fungi

105
Q

What produce around 75% of natural antibiotics

A

Actinomycetes

106
Q

Secondary metabolites

A

Antibiotics

107
Q

Antibiotics are not effective against

A

Fungi

108
Q

The buildup and breakdown of nutrients within a cell
Reactions catalyzed by enzymes

A

Metabolism

109
Q

Binding sites specific for substrate
Typically proteins

A

Enzymes

110
Q

Biochemical reaction: Breakdown of large molecules that not smaller, more simple molecules
Makes energy

A

Catabolic

111
Q

Biochemical reaction: takes smaller molecules and builds them into larger molecules
Uses energy

A

Anabolic

112
Q

Building blocs of proteins
Some are essential and must be obtained externally

A

Amino acids

113
Q

Organic molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
Inactive without the correct shape

A

Proteins

114
Q

Protein structure: a chain of AAs (polypeptide chain)

A

Primary structure

115
Q

Protein structure: repetitive twisting/folding of the polypeptide chain
Creates two different structures: alpha helixes or beta sheets

A

Secondary structure

116
Q

Protein structure: alpha helices or beta sheets fold into a 3D structure

A

Tertiary structure

117
Q

Protein structure: multiple, folded polypeptide chains coming together to form a protein

A

Quaternary structure

118
Q

SIMs test: production of hydrogen sulfide

A

Sulfur

119
Q

SIMs test: hydrolysis of tryptophan

A

Indole

120
Q

SIMs test: motile bacteria

A

Motility

121
Q

IMVic test: hydrolysis of tryptophan

A

Indole

122
Q

IMVic test: organic acid production

A

Methyl red

123
Q

IMVic test: presence of acetoin

A

Voges proskauer

124
Q

IMVic test: citrate as a carbon source

A

Citrate

125
Q

Metabolic test: Multiple sugars, fermentation
Glucose, lactose, fructose

A

Sugar fermentation test

126
Q

Metabolic test: indicates if microbe can ferment lactose

A

Beta-galactosidase

127
Q

Metabolic test: breakdown of starch to glucose
Carbon source

A

Starch hydrolysis

128
Q

Test the microbe’s ability to complete sulfur reaction
Most useful for determining presence/absence of enteric bacteria within a culture

A

SIMs test

129
Q

Test if the microbe can utilize tryptophan as a carbon and nitrogen source vi tryptophase

A

SIMs test

130
Q

Semisolid media used in this test allows for the identification of motile bacteria

A

SIMs test

131
Q

Can only be used on gram negative bacteria
Determines if the microbe can use citrate as a carbon source

A

IMViC test

132
Q

What are the types of microscopy

A

Bright field
Dark field
Phase control
SEM
TEM

133
Q

Parts of the compound light microscope

A

Eyepiece
Observation tube
Neck
Coaxial stage controls
Course focus
Fine focus
Nosepiece
Objective lens
Condenser
Iris
Light source

134
Q

What tool do you use to measure microbes

A

Spread plate or pipette?

135
Q

What are the types of microbial motility

A

Flagellar
Pilli
Spirochetes

136
Q

Why do we stack bacteria

A

Helps with differentiating microorganisms

137
Q

What is a smear preparation

A

Spreading bacteria across a glass slide

138
Q

What is heat fixing

A

Toughens structures for staining and inactivates enzymes

139
Q

Compare and contrast simple staining to differential staining

A

Simple: only one stain used
Differential: multiple stains used

140
Q

What are the three domains of life

A

Eukarya
Bacteria
Archaea

141
Q

CFU/ml =

A

Number of colonies per ml plated / total dilution factor

142
Q

What are thermoduric bacteria

A

Heat resistant bacteria that can survive pasteurization

143
Q

Can tolerate high concentrations of salt

A

Halotolerant

144
Q

How can UV radiation affect microbes

A

Stop them from repairing themselvez

145
Q

What enzymes repair DNA damage

A

DNA polymerase

146
Q

What is the SOS response and when does it occur

A

Stops DNA synthesis when damage is too great

147
Q

What are taxa

A

Communities that consist of two or more different species

148
Q

What does does PCR stand for

A

Polymerase chain reaction

149
Q

Why do we use PCR

A

Able to obtain billions of copies of DNA quickly

150
Q

What produces antibiotics

A

Soil microorganisms

Microbiology (1 decks)

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