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Animal Biology > Lab (O2+Blood Composition) > Flashcards

Lab (O2+Blood Composition) Flashcards

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1
Q

Cells make up what percent of blood?

A

45%

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2
Q

What makes up 55% of blood?

A

Plasma

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3
Q

What is plasma composed of?

A

Water
three major classes of proteins
(Albumin, Globulin, Fibrinogen)

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4
Q

Fibrinogen

A

clotting protein
found in plasma
converts fibrin

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5
Q

Antigens

A

structures found on the surface of the red blood cells and other cells in the blood
(clots if same letter blood type)

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6
Q

antibodies

A 
a major class of globular proteins found in blood
(doesn't clot if opposite blood type)
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7
Q

how are ABO blood group defined?

A

defined by the presence or absence of certain oligosaccharides on the RBC and in many peoples saliva

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8
Q

ABO system

A

is due to a series of alleles at a single locus affecting enzymes that add two simple sugars (monosaccharides) to a basic structural unit present on all red blood cell membranes

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9
Q

Rh

A

found on the surface of red blood cells

Determines positive or negative

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10
Q

Bleeding time

A

the length of time the blood stops bleeding

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11
Q

Coagulation time

A

the length of time it takes to clot

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12
Q

Prothrombin

A

converts into thrombin

found in plasma

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13
Q

Thrombin

A

an enzyme that converts fibrinogen to fibrin
is a fibrin stabilizer
found in plasma

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14
Q

Thromboplastin

A

found in the tissue + platelets

conversion of prothrombin to thrombin in the clotting of blood

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15
Q

Calcium Ion

A

found in the bone and small intestine

starts and helps with blood clotting

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16
Q

Platelets

A

found in the blood

prevent bleeding

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17
Q

Leukocytes

A

white blood cells

nuclei is stained blue

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18
Q

Erythrocytes

A

red blood cells

are stained a pale red

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19
Q

Macrophages

A

found in stationary forms of tissue

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20
Q

two classes of leukocytes

A

lymphocytes and granulocyte

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21
Q

lymphocytes

A

20-25% of all WBC
large single nucleus
spherical in shape
divide into two categories (T cells and B cells)

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22
Q

Granulocytes

A
  • distinguished on the basis of the color they stain
  • most common are Neutrophils (65-75% of WBC)
  • irregular shape
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23
Q

circulatory system

A

function is to maintain an adequate flow of blood to all organs of the body

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24
Q

blood

A
  • carries gas, organic food stuff, and chemical messengers

- temperature regulation, combating disease and regulating salt and water balance

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25
Q

blood pressure

A
  • is the cause of blood flow
  • contracting the heart
  • a bulk flow of fluid resulting in pressure applied to the blood by the contraction of the hearts ventricles
26
Q

the circulatory system is made up of two circuits

A

pulmonary circuit

systemic circuit

27
Q

pulmonary circuit

A

to the lungs

28
Q

systemic circuit

A

to the rest of the body

29
Q

Arteries

A

blood is carried away from the heart

30
Q

veins

A

return blood to the heart

31
Q

capillaries

A

exchange of blood and extracellular fluid

connect arteries and veins

32
Q

heart rate

A

the number of contractions per minute

33
Q

stroke volume

A

blood that leaves your heart from each contraction (70mL)

34
Q

systolic pressure

A

the contraction of the ventricles of the heart, the blood pressure rises and the maximum pressure at the end is the systolic pressure

35
Q

diastolic pressure

A

ventricle relaxes, arterial pressure fall and right before the next contraction is the diastolic pressure

36
Q

what is blood pressure measured in

A

millimeters of mercury

37
Q

pulse pressure

A

the difference between the systolic and the diastolic

38
Q

Dicrotic Notch

A

a valley between the major and secondary peaks

caused be echo

39
Q

Sphygmomanometer

A

measure the arterial blood pressure

40
Q

Korotkoff Sound

A

Produced by the wall of the artery vibrating due to pressure

41
Q

Nervous System

A
  • regulate the activities and functions of the body
  • acts rapidly using cells with extensions (axon) specialized for transmitting electrical signals to specific locations to cause a short-term response to stimuli.
42
Q

Central nervous system (CNS)

A
  • consists of the brain and spinal cord
  • contain the centers where connections are made between the nerve fibers bringing and carrying receptors
  • reflex, language, learning and memory
43
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

-nerves connecting the peripheral parts of the body with the central nervous system

44
Q

Cranial nerves

A

twelve pairs of nerve arise from the brain

45
Q

Spinal Nerves

A

thirty-one pairs arise from the spinal cord

46
Q

two subsystems of the PNS

A

somatic nervous system

visceral nervous system

47
Q

somatic nervous system

A

controls the muscles and surface of the body

48
Q

visceral nervous system aka Autonomic nervous system

A

controls the internal organs

49
Q

cerebellum

A

part of CNS in the back of the skull

  • a thin layer of grey matter that makes up the cortex
  • balance, posture, and coordination
  • information from joints, eyes, and part of the ears
  • registers body position, a rate of movement, and coordination of muscle activity
50
Q

oculomotor

A

moves eyelids and eyeballs and adjust the pupil and lens of the eye

51
Q

optic

A

sight

52
Q

olfactory

A

smell

53
Q

trigeminal

A

facial muscle inclose chewing

54
Q

trochlear and abducens

A

moves eyeballs

55
Q

vestibulocochlear

A

sound

56
Q

glossopharyngeal and vagus

A

swallowing, saliva, taste

57
Q

spinal accessory

A

moving head and shoulders; swallowing

58
Q

hypoglossal

A

tongue muscles; speak and swallowing

59
Q

patellar tendon reflex (knee jerk)

A

normal: lower leg will extend
- only sensory and motor neuron
- absence can be caused by injury to nerves in lumbar region of spinal cord, chronic diabetes, and neurosyphilis
- exaggerated can be caused by disease or injury in corticospinal tract

60
Q

Achilles Tendon reflex (ankle jerk)

A

normal: foot extends
- absence caused by damage to nerves in leg muscles or lumbosacral region of sine, chronic diabetes mellitus, neurosyphilis, alcoholism, and subarachnoid bleeding
- exagerrated caused by injury in sacral or cervical region of spine

61
Q

Babinski Sign

A

tickling bottom of foot

  • big toe extends for under 18 months of age and curls after 1.5 of age
  • abnormal caused by interruption of corticospinal tract dev. or
62
Q

spatial orientation

A

affects vestibularcochear nerve

Animal Biology (1 decks)

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