lab notes

Question 1

What does anterior mean?

Answer 1

the side of the body with the face

Question 2

What does posterior mean?

Answer 2

the side of the body away from the face

Question 3

What does ventral mean?

Answer 3

the side of the body with the belly

Question 4

What does dorsal mean?

Answer 4

the side of the body away from the belly

Question 5

What does medial mean?

Answer 5

closer to the body’s midline

Question 6

What does lateral mean?

Answer 6

farther away from the body’s midline

Question 7

What does superior mean?

Answer 7

closer to the head of the body

Question 8

What does inferior mean?

Answer 8

farther away from the head of the body

Question 9

What does superficial mean?

Answer 9

closer to the surface

Question 10

What does deep mean?

Answer 10

farther away from the surface

Question 11

What does proximal mean?

Answer 11

closer to the point of attachment

Question 12

What does distal mean?

Answer 12

farther away from the attachment site

Question 13

What are body cavities?

Answer 13

hollow spaces in the body filled with organs & tissues

Question 14

What are the 2 main body cavities?

Answer 14

the anterior/ventral body cavity & the posterior/dorsal body cavity

Question 15

What are characteristics of the anterior/ventral body cavity?

Answer 15

larger cavity, located between collar bones & inferior end of torso, divided into thoracic cavity & abdominopelvic cavity

Question 16

What are characteristics of the thoracic cavity?

Answer 16

space between collar bones & diaphragm muscle, divided into 2 pleural cavities & 1 pericardial cavity, contains the mediastinum

Question 17

What are the pleural cavities?

Answer 17

each holds 1 lung & is lined with a serous membrane called pleura

Question 18

What is the pericardial cavity?

Answer 18

holds the heart & is lined with a serous membrane called pericardium

Question 19

What is the mediastinum?

Answer 19

a mass of “stuff” that fills the space between the pleural cavities & pericardial cavity

Question 20

What are characteristics of the abdominopelvic cavity?

Answer 20

space between diaphragm & inferior edge of torso, divided into abdominal region & pelvic region

Question 21

What are characteristics of the abdominal region?

Answer 21

superior area, houses stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, and parts of small & large intestines

Question 22

What are characteristics of the pelvic region?

Answer 22

inferior part, parts of small & large intestines, bladder, uterus, and ovaries

Question 23

What is the peritoneum?

Answer 23

the serous membranes that line the abdominopelvic cavity

Question 24

What are characteristics of the posterior/dorsal body cavity?

Answer 24

smaller, divided into cranial cavity & spinal cavity, and contains the meninges

Question 25

What is the cranial cavity?

Answer 25

the space in the skull that holds the brain

Question 26

What is the spinal cavity?

Answer 26

space in vertebra that holds the spinal cord

Question 27

What are the meninges?

Answer 27

3 layers of membranes the line the posterior/dorsal body cavity

Question 28

What are the 2 types of membrane transport?

Answer 28

passive transport & active transport

Question 29

What is passive transport?

Answer 29

no ATP required; the 2 types are diffusion & osmosis

Question 30

What is diffusion?

Answer 30

net movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

Question 31

What is osmosis?

Answer 31

net movement of water molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration through a semi-permeable membrane

Question 32

What is osmotic pressure?

Answer 32

the attraction/pull of water molecules to salt & sugar

Question 33

What is crenation?

Answer 33

when a cell collapses

Question 34

What is hemolysis?

Answer 34

when a cell explodes

Question 35

What is tonicity?

Answer 35

concentration of solutes (ex. sugars & salts)

Question 36

What does hypertonic mean?

Answer 36

more salty/sugary

Question 37

What does hypotonic mean?

Answer 37

less salty/sugary

Question 38

What does isotonic mean?

Answer 38

the same amount of salt/sugar

Question 39

What is active transport?

Answer 39

hard to do - requires ATP; it moves molecules against their concentration gradient (from lower to higher)

Question 40

What are the types of active transport that involve moving large molecules into or out of the cell?

Answer 40

endocytosis: moves molecules into cell & exocytosis: moves molecules out of cell

Question 41

What are the meninges in order from deep to superficial?

Answer 41

pia mater, arachnoid mater, & dura mater

Question 42

What are the spaces in between the meninges?

Answer 42

epidural space, subdural space, & subarachnoid space

Question 43

What is the outer zone of the cord made of?

Answer 43

mostly white matter organized into white matter columns

Question 44

What is the deeper area of the cord made of?

Answer 44

gray matter organized into gray matter horns

Question 45

What is the gray commissure?

Answer 45

thin strip of gray matter that connects the left & right sides of gray matter together

Question 46

What is the central canal?

Answer 46

small passageway for CSF in the center of the gray commissure

Question 47

Each mixed spinal nerve branches into 3 parts, which are what?

Answer 47

rami communicantes, dorsal ramus, & ventral ramus