Lab Midterm Flashcards
What is a nidus?
An organic pore
*side note: a nidus is the future site of the formation of urinary tract stones. Infection increases the sloughing of cells which accumulate around the core, leads to nidus.
Which is NOT a symptom of acute cystitis? A. Dysuria B. Decreased frequency of urination C. Suprapubic pain D. Hematuria
B. Decreased frequency of urination
*side note: will actually cause an increase in urine frequency due to an increase in bladder sensitivity. An another option he may put is “upper abdominal pain” and that would also be incorrect (causes lower abdominal pain)
What layer of the heart is most at risk for a myocardial infarction?
Subendocardial area (inner most layer)
Which of the following does NOT stimulate the production of HCL? A. Vagal nerve sympathetic fibers B. Gastrin C. Hisatmine D. Vagal nerve parasympathetic fibers
A. Vagal nerve sympathetic fibers
*side note: gastrin stimulates parietal cells to secrete HCL. Parietal cells are only located in the fundus of the stomach.
Helicobacter pylori is a predisposing factor for…
Intestinal type adenocarcinoma
Damage to which of the following areas will NOT cause black stool/melena? A. Esophagus B. Lesser curvature of the stomach C. Ileum D. Greater curvature of the stomach
C. Ileum
*side note: If there is bleeding of the stomach or esophagus, you will see black stool (melena) due to the iron from the blood (heme) reacting with HCL. You need HCL to form melena hence why it can’t form in the ileum (no HCL there).
Metastasis of lung/stomach cancer in the supraclavicular lymph nodes is called... A. Sister Mary Joseph nodule B. Virchow node C. Irish node D. Krukenberg tumor
Virchow’s Nodes
*side note: Sister Mary Joseph nodules is cancer of the periumbilical lymph nodes, Irish nodes is cancer of the left axillary lymph node, and Krukenberg tumors is cancer of the ovaries that metastasized from a primary site, classically the gastrointestinal tract.
Pain 12 minutes after a meal indicates... A. Stomach cancer B. Duodenal peptic ulcer C. Stomach ulcers D. Esophageal ulcers
A. Stomach cancer
*side note:
• If there is pain within 30 min - 1 hour after a meal = stomach peptic ulcer
• If there is pain within 1-3 hours after a meal = duodenal peptic ulcer
• If there is pain is 10-15 minutes after a meal = stomach cancer
Most common cause of hydronephrosis is….
Kidney stones
*side note: hydronephrosis = renal pelvis distension with accompanying atrophy of renal parenchyme due to obstruction of urine outflow
Which of the following is not found in the small intestine? A. Trypsin B. Amylase C. Lipase D. Bile E. Pepsin
E. Pepsin
*side note: only found in the stomach. Breaks down proteins for digestion.
Most common cause of myocardial infarction?
Thrombi
What happens to blood flow following rupture of intraventricular septum?
Blood will flow from the left ventricle to the right ventricle
What is the most common cause of cyanotic heart disease?
Tetralogy of Fallot
*side note: if tetralogy of Fallot isn’t an option, go with transposition of great arteries
What is the most common congenital heart disease?
Ventricular Septal Defect
*side note: this accounts for 42% of all congenital heart defects. Atrial septal defects account for 10% and are the second most common.
Which of the following falls under the pathophysiological category of congenital heart defects involving a left to right shunt? A. Tetralogy of Fallot B. Patent ductus arteriosus C. Ventricular septal defect D. A & B E. B & C
E. B & C
*side note: tetralogy of Fallot is a right to left shunt. Also, atrial septal defects are left to right shunts.
Which one of the following is NOT associated with Crohn’s disease? A. Mucosal damage B. Commonly occurs among jews C. Abdominal pain D. Constipation
D. Constipation
*side note: will actually cause diarrhea
What is a predisposing factor of urolithiasis? A. Urinary obstruction B. Pregnancy C. Gut diverticuli D. Epithelial injury E. All of the above
E. All of the above
*side note: other predisposing factors include, nephroptosis (dropping of the kidney), pyelonephritis (accumulation of urine in the kidney containing bacteria = pyelonephritis).
Patient complains of severe upper lumbar area pain radiating into left testicle. What is the likely diagnosis?
Kidney stone
Which is pathogenesis of ureteral colic?
Pain spreading down the flank to groin; radiating to ipsilateral genitalia.
*side note: ureteral colic (AKA renal colic) is a very common pathology. Stones move and get obstructed causing muscles of the urethral wall go into spasm = severe lumbodorsal pain. Most common cause of hydronephrosis.
Hematuria because of stones tearing up the ureter.
What are staghorn calculi primarily composed of?
Magnesium-Ammonium-Phosphate
*side note: only 1% of the time are they made from cystine
Pain 95 minutes after eating would indicate…
Duodenal peptic ulcer
*side note: pretty much pain beyond 1 hour after eating will be a duodenal peptic ulcer. 10-15 minutes = stomach cancer, pain 30 min - 1 hour after eating = stomach peptic ulcer)
Pathology of which system likely develops in a case of autoimmune chronic gastritis and loss of parietal cells? A. Immune system B. Urinary system C. Nervous system D. Circulatory system
Nervous system
Which is a predisposing factor for stomach diffuse carcinoma? A. Pernicious anemia B. Intestinal metaplasia C. Has no predisposing factor D. None of the above
C. Has no predisposing factor
Picture: leather bottle stomach. This condition is called? A. Linitis plastica B. Scirrhous cancer C. Both A and B D. Neither A or B
C. Both A and B
*side note: another aka is diffuse stomach carcinoma. Linitis plastica is a cancer located in an empty organ wall and scirrhous cancer is cancer that derives from stroma.
Which is not a manifestation of ulcerative colitis?
A. Bloody diarrhea
B. Black, tarry stool
C. Stringy, mucoid material in stool
D. Lower abdominal pain, and cramps that are temporarily relieved by defecation
B. Black, tarry stool
True or false? The ileum is a major target of pathology in ulcerative colitis.
False
*side note: ulcerative colitis always involves the rectum and extends proximally in a continuous fashion to involve part or all of the colon. Never involves any of the small intestine. If you didn’t know, the ileum is the very end of the small intestine that connects to the large intestine.
Which statement is false for benign prostatic hypertrophy?
A. They usually develop in the transitional zone
B. They usually form in the middle lobe of the prostate
C. The usually develop in the peripheral zone
D. All of the above are false
C. The usually develop in the peripheral zone
Which prostate pathology causes low back pain?
Chronic bacterial prostatitis
Which is NOT correct of benign prostatic hypertrophy? A. Causes "dribbling" urine B. Increased intrabdominal pressure C. Patient may present with hernia D. Clinically absent
D. Clinically absent
What is the most powerful converter into the alkaline environment?
Proteus vulgaris
*side note: these are gram negative bacillus rods and are the most common cause of struvites (struvites are formed in alkaline environments)
How do uric acid stones appear of xray? A. Radiopaque B. Radiolucent C. Sometimes radiopaque sometimes radiolucent D. None of the above
B. Radiolucent
*side note: struvites (aka triple stones) appear radiopaque.
A tumor in which zone of the prostate will not obstruct the urethra? A. Central zone B. Peripheral zone C. Periurethral zone D. They will all obstruct the urethra
B. Peripheral zone
What is an aka for adenoma of prostate gland?
Benign prostatic hypertrophy
What is the manifestation of benign prostatic hypertrophy? A. Frequent urination B. Dribbling of the urine C. Increase intra-abdominal pressure D. Urine hesitancy E. All of the above
E. All of the above
*side note: manifestation of increased intra-abdominal pressure = hernia
What is the manifestation of pressure atrophy during pregnancy?
Back pain
What does nephroptosis lead to?
Acute polynephritis
True or false? Vitamin C deficiency may lead to nidus formation.
False
*side note: the answer is vitamin A and B6. Deficiency causes a reduction in the life span of epithelial cells causing them to slough off at a high rate. Increased sloughing leads to nidus formation.
What happens if there is incomplete loss of urine outflow? A. Loss of kidney within 3 weeks B. Loss of kidney within 3 months C. Loss of kidney within 6 weeks D. Loss of kidney within 6 months
B. Loss of kidney within 3 months
*side note: If complete loss of urine outflow, loss of kidney in 3 weeks.
What type of WBC's are found in chronic leptomenigitis? A. Neutrophils B. Monocytes C. Macrophages D. Lymphocytes
B. Monocytes
