Lab Midterm Flashcards
Labs 1-3
vertebral column
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
4 coccygeal
thoracic vertebrae
have facets on the sides of their bodies for articulation with the ribs
Atlas
C1
Axis
C2
posterior tubercle (vertebral tubercle)
tubercle of C7, more prominent than on other cervical vertebrae
hyoid bone
u-shaped free-floating bone in the neck region, articulated by muscle or ligaments, aids in tongue movement and swallowing
lumbar vertebrae
largest of the vertebrae
sacral vertebrae
5 fused vertebrae, resulting in a triangular, wedge-shaped ‘bone’
coccygeal vertebrae
may have played a role in providing support for a tail-like structure
Four curvatures
lumbar curvature, cervical curvature, thoracic curvature, sacral curvature
Thoracic cage
- Composed of the ribs (12), sternum, and thoracic vertebrae
- Primary function is to protect vital organs within the thoracic cavity, such as heart, lungs, and major blood vessels
- Provides a framework for expansion and contraction of lungs during breathing
True ribs
pairs 1-7, attach directly to the sternum (via costal cartilage)
Ribs
12 pairs of ribs in the human thoracic cage, each rib attaches to the thoracic vertebrae at the back and to the sternum or other ribs at the front
false ribs
pairs 8-10, attach indirectly to the sternum (cartilage attaches to other cartilage)
floating ribs
don’t connect to the sternum at all, end in the muscles of the anterior abdominal wall
costal groove
on the inferior, internal surface of the rib, protects and transmits the costal arteries, veins, and nerves
sternum
aka breastbone flat bone located in center of the chest
- Provides attachment points for various muscles and helps protect the heart and lungs
- Articulates with the clavicles, rib pairs 1 and 2, and costal cartilages of rib pairs 3-7
- consists of three bones:
1) Manubrium
2) Body
3) Xiphoid process
xiphoid process
superior limit of liver, inferior border of heart and central tendon of diaphragm
sternal angle
where manubrium articulates with the body
- cartilage for second rib attaches here
- anterior to arch of aorta and carina (where trachea splits into 2 bronchi)
pelvis
made up of 2 hip bones (ossa coxae) and the sacrum and coccyx of the vertebral column
Inferior thoracic aperture
opening where thorax meets abdomen, allows esophagus, inferior vena cava, and aorta to pass between the thoracic and abdominal cavities
superior thoracic aperture
opening at top of thoracic cage, between thoracic vertebrae posteriorly and the upper border of the ribcage anteriorly, allows passage of trachea, esophagus, major blood vessels like the aorta, and several nerves
hip bone
formed by the fusion of three bones: ilium, ischium, and pubis
ilium
largest and most superior portion of the hip bone, provides attachment point for various muscles
ischium
curved, posterior portion of the hit bone, contains the ischial tuberosity (“sitting bone”)
pubis
anterior portion of hip bone, pubic bones from both sides meet at midline at the pubic symphysis
pubic symphysis
cartilaginous joint that joins both pubic bones, allows movement and flexibility during activities like childbirth
acetabulum
socket that articulates with the head of the femur at the hip joint
pelvic girdle
forms a strong support for the attachment of the limbs, strong muscles of the back, the legs, and the buttocks are attached to it
sacro-iliac joint
joint that joins sacrum and ilium
male vs female hips
females generally have wider hips, a larger, more rounded pelvis, and a shorter and wider sacrum
scapula
aka shoulder blade, flat, triangular bone which stretches from shoulder to the vertebral column at the back
clavicle
aka collar bone, lies horizontally and articulates with the upper end of the sternum, serves as a support for the shoulder blades in front and keep the shoulder blades back so the arms can hang freely
carpals
wrist bones, there are eight carpal bones arranged in two rows, allow flexibility to the wrist joint and contribute to the movement of the hand
humerus
long bone of the upper arm, articulates with the scapula at the shoulder joint and with the radius and ulna at the elbow joint
radius and ulna
bones of the forearm, allow movements like rotation of the forearm, ulna is on inner side (medial), radius is on outer side (lateral)
metacarpals
five long bones that form the palm of the hand, connect the wrist to the fingers and provide structure for grasping and manipulating objects
phalanges (upper limbs)
bones of the fingers, each finger has three phalanges (proximal, middle, distal), thumb has two (proximal, distal)
femur
longest and strongest bone in the human body, forms the thigh and articulates with the pelvis at the hip joint and with the tibia at the knee joint
patella
kneecap, sesamoid bone, protects the front of the knee joint
tibia and fibula
bones of the lower leg, tibia is larger and stronger and forms the shin, fibula runs alongside it on the outer side of the leg (lateral), both contribute to the structure of the ankle joint and are important for weight -bearing and movement
tarsals
ankle bones, there are seven tarsal bones in the ankle region, provide stability to the ankle joint and help in transferring weight from the leg to the foot
metatarsals
five long bones that form the sole of the foot, or the arch, connecting the tarsal bones to the toes
phalanges (lower limbs)
similar to those in upper limbs, each toe has three phalanges (proximal, middle, distal), except big toe has two (proximal and distal)
why do vertebral bodies vary in size and thickness?
Different sections of the vertebral column are responsible for bearing varying weights. For example, the lumbar vertebrae have the largest/thickest body as they bear more weight.
cranial bones
8 - frontal, parietal (2), temporal (2), ethmoid, sphenoid, occipital
skull sutures
fibrous joints that form between adjacent bones during the growth and development and connect the various bones of the skull
facial bones
14 - mandible, maxilla (2), lacrimal (2), zygomatic (2), inferior nasal concha (2), palatine (2), nasal (2), vomer
coronal suture
runs horizontally across the skull, connects frontal bone with parietal bones
sagittal suture
runs vertically along midline of the skull, connects two parietal bones
lambdoidal suture
forms an inverted “V” shape at the back of the skull, connects the occipital bone with the parietal bones
squamous suture
connects the temporal bone with the parietal bone on the side of the skull
bregma
located at the junction of the coronal and sagittal sutures on the superior aspect of the skull, where the frontal and parietal bones meet
lambda
located at the junction of the sagittal and lambdoid sutures on the posterior aspect of the skull, where the parietal and occipital bones meet
pterion
landmark where four bones meet on lateral aspect of skull: frontal, parietal, temporal, sphenoid
cranial fossae of the skull
1) anterior cranial fossa
2) middle cranial fossa
3) posterior cranial fossa
anterior cranial fossa
houses frontal lobes of the brain, formed by frontal bone and lesser wings of sphenoid bone, ethmoid bone contributes to the floor
middle cranial fossa
accommodates the temporal lobes of the brain, formed by the greater wings of the sphenoid bone, the squamous part of the temporal bone, and parts of the parietal bone, contains the following structures:
- Pituitary gland (sella turcica)
- Petrous part of temporal bone (houses inner ear structures)
- Foramen ovale
- Foramen spinosum
- Superior orbital fissure
posterior cranial fossa
contains the cerebellum and brainstem, formed by the occipital bone and the petrous part of the temporal bone, accommodates the following structures:
- Foramen magnum
- Jugular foramen
- Internal acoustic meatus
temporal bone features
- Styloid process
- Mastoid process
- Zygomatic process
- External and internal auditory meatus
sphenoid bone features
- Greater wing
- Lesser wing
- Optic canal
- Optic groove
- Sella turcica
- Anterior and posterior clinoid process
- Foramen rotundum
- Foramen ovale
- Foramen spinosum
sella turcica
holds the pituitary gland, part of sphenoid bone
ethmoid bone features
- Cribriform plates
- Cribriform foramina
- Olfactory groove
- Crista galli
cribriform plate
part of ethmoid bone, has tiny perforations (cribriform foramina) for the olfactory nerves, allowing the sense of smell
palatine bone features
- Greater palatine foramen
- Lesser palatine foramen
maxilla features
- Intermaxillary suture
- Palatine process of maxilla
mandible features
- Ramus body
- Mandibular condyle
- Coronoid process
- Mental foramen
- Mandibular foramen
- Mental protuberance
fontanels
located on the human infant skull, a space between the bones of the skull in an infant or fetus where ossification is not complete, and the sutures are not fully formed. Main one is between the frontal and parietal bones
7 bones of the orbit
frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, zygomatic, maxilla, lacrimal, palatine
superior wall of orbit
frontal and sphenoid bone (lesser wing)
lateral wall of orbit
zygomatic and sphenoid bone (greater wing)
inferior wall of orbit
maxilla, zygomatic, and palatine
medial wall of orbit
ethmoid and lacrimal
inferior orbital fissure
opening located between maxilla and greater wing of sphenoid bone, structures passing through include:
- Zygomatic nerve (branch of maxillary division – CN V2)
- Infraorbital artery and vein
superior orbital fissure
opening located between the greater and lesser wings of the sphenoid bone, serves as a conduit for:
- CN III, CN IV, CN V1, and CN VI
- Superior ophthalmic vein
- Branches of ophthalmic artery
sinuses
air-filled cavities within the bones of the skull and facial skeleton, lined with mucous membranes that help humidify the air we breathe, produce mucus, and contribute to the resonance of the voice
nasal congestion (sinuses)
sinus issues, such as inflammation or infection, can lead to nasal congestions and affect tear drainage, possibly contributing to dry eye symptoms
headaches (sinuses)
sinus-related headaches can lead to discomfort around the eyes, affecting visual comfort and clarity
optic nerve (sinuses)
inflammation or infection of the sphenoid sinuses may impact the nearby optic nerve and potentially cause visual disturbances
optic canal
located in lesser wing of sphenoid bone, allows the passage of the optic nerve (CN II) and the ophthalmic artery
major sinuses of the skull
- Frontal sinuses
- Maxillary sinuses
- Ethmoid sinuses
- Sphenoid sinuses – not linked to the nasal cavity
foramina
openings, holes, or passageways in the bones of the skull that allow the passage of nerves, blood vessels, and other structures between different regions of the body
trochlear fossa
depression located on the internal aspect of the frontal bone within the cranial cavity, point of attachment of superior oblique muscle in orbit and trochlear nerve (CN IV)
stylomastoid foramen
medial to mastoid process, exit point for facial nerve (CN VII)
foramen ovale
oval shaped foramen, located in the floor of the middle cranial fossa on the sphenoid bone, passage for mandibular nerve (CN V3)
foramen spinosum
groove in middle cranial fossa on greater wing of sphenoid bone, passage for middle meningeal artery
foramen rotundum
anterior and medial to foramen ovale on greater wing of sphenoid bone, passage for maxillary nerve (CN V2)
external auditory meatus
passage from external ear to the middle ear
internal auditory meatus
passage from middle ear to inner ear, transmits CN VII and CN VIII
- CN VII turns abruptly and emerges through stylomastoid foramen
jugular foramen
opening through which venous blood flow from the dural sinuses drains into the jugular vein
carotid canal and foramen
located within the temporal bone, medial to the stylomastoid process, carries the internal carotid artery responsible for supplying oxygenated blood to the brain
which bones form the margins of the orbit?
zygomatic, frontal, maxillary
foramen magnum
largest foramen in the occipital bone through which the spinal cord passes (as the medulla), CN XI, as well as vertebral arteries also pass through
zygomatic-facial and zygomatic temporal foramina
passageway of ZF and ZT nerves, branches of the maxillary nerve (CN V2)
mouth cavity
formed by upper and lower jaws and the palate
- Upper jaw is formed by maxilla
- Lower jaw is mandible
- Maxilla and palatine bones form roof of mouth
What structure sits in the body of the sphenoid? What is the significance of its proximity to the optic nerve?
The sella turcica sits in the body of sphenoid and the pituitary gland sits here. If there is a tumor on the pituitary gland this can press on the optic nerve and create visual problems.
nasal cavity
consists of the nasal bones, cribriform plate of ethmoid bone, and sphenoid bone
- Nasal septum divides the nasal cavity and is largely composed of vomer
- Vomer extends back between the pterygoid processes
- Maxilla and palatine bones form floor of nasal cavities
Where is the lacrimal gland fossa located and what sits in that region? Where is the lacrimal duct located?
Lacrimal gland fossa is located at superior lateral part of the orbit on the frontal bone and contains the lacrimal gland. The lacrimal duct is on the medial side of the orbit in the nasolacrimal fossa at the inner nasal canthus.
olfactory nerve
CN I - sense of smell
optic nerve
CN II - vision and visual information transmission
oculomotor nerve
CN III - eye movement, pupil constriction, lens accomodation
trigeminal nerve
CN V - facial sensation and chewing
trochlear nerve
CN IV - downward and inward eye movement
facial nerve
CN VII - facial expression, taste, salivary glands
abducens nerve
CN VI - outward eye movement
vestibulocochlear nerve
CN VIII - balance and hearing
accessory nerve
CN XI - head and neck muscle movement
glossopharyngeal nerve
CN IX - swallowing, taste, monitoring blood pressure
vagus
CN X - autonomic functions of organs in thorax and abdomen
hypoglossal nerve
CN XII - tongue movement for speech and swallowing
three major branches of trigeminal nerve
V1: ophthalmic
V2: maxillary
V3: mandibular
V1 pathway
emerges through the superior orbital fissure, extending to forehead, scalp, upper eyelid, and nose
V1 branches
prior to entering the orbit, branches further into:
- frontal nerve
- lacrimal nerve
- nasociliary nerve
V2 pathway
emerges through the foramen rotundum through the pterygopalatine fossa, gives sensation to middle part of face, including the cheek and upper lip. V2 becomes the infraorbital nerve as it exits the orbit through the infraorbital canal and emerges through the infraorbital foramen.
V2 branches
- cranial branch
- pterygopalatine branch
- facial branch
V3 pathway
exits through the foramen ovale, branching into the lower face, lower lip, chin, and commanding the muscles of mastication
V3 branches
divides into the anterior and posterior trunk
CN VII pathway
originates from the junction of the pons and medulla of the brainstem and enters the petrous portion of the temporal bone through the internal acoustic meatus, exits the cranium through the stylamastoid foramen where it enters the parotid gland to form the parotid plexus
CN VII branches (petrous)
within the petrous portion of the temporal bone, three branches emerge from the facial nerve:
- greater petrosal
- nerve to stapedius muscle
- chorda tympani
CN VII branches (parotid plexus)
parotid plexus gives rise to 5 motor branches of the face:
- temporal
- zygomatic
- buccal:
- marginal mandibular
- cervical
temporal branches (parotid plexus)
innervates frontalis, orbicularis oculi, and corrugator supercilli
zygomatic branches (parotid plexus)
innervates orbicularis occuli
buccal branch (parotid plexus)
innervates orbicularis oris, buccinator, and zygomaticus
mandibular branch (parotid plexus)
innervates mentalis
cervical branch (parotid plexus)
innervates platysma
