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ZOO 2700 Invert > Lab Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Lab Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the characteristics of the Phylum Ciliophora?

A
  • Most unicellular; some colonial
  • Cilia used for locomotion
  • Body shape maintained by protein-fibrous pellicle
  • Have both macro- and micronuclei
  • Most with cytostome (=cell mouth)
  • Reproduce asexually (fission) or via conjugation
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2
Q

What are the characteristics of the Phylum Dinoflagellata?

A
  • Two flagella in grooves: one transverse, one longitudinal.
  • Both photosynthetic and hetertrophic forms; many can switch
  • Some are bioluminescent
  • Most are unicellular, but some form colonies
  • Population booms cause “red tides”
  • Many photosynthetic forms are endosymbiotic in other protozoans and animals such as corals
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3
Q

What are the characteristics of the Phylum Apicomplexa?

A
  • Unique apical complex (not visible with light microscope)
  • Lack cilia, flagella, pseudopods
  • All are parasitic
  • Gregarines infect various invertebrates
  • Coccidians infect mostly vertebrates
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4
Q

What are the characteristics of the Phylum Euglenozoa?

A
  • Have 1 or 2 flagella
  • Single nucleus
  • Reproduce asexually (fission)
  • Includes free-living and parasitic forms
  • Euglenids are mostly free-living
    - Have proteinaceous pellicle to hold shape
    - Most are photosynthetic via secondary
    endosymbiosis
  • Kinetopastids are mostly parasitic
    - Flagellum forms edge of undulating membrane
    along elongted cell
    - Greatly elongated mitochondrion (stained dark in
    photo)
    - Many have complex life cycles, often with
    multiple hosts
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5
Q

What are the characteristics of the Phylum Amoebozoa?

A
  • Cell surrounded by plasma membrane; some form an external test
  • Pseudopodia used for locomotion
  • Most free-living, but a few are endosymbiotic, either commensal or parasitic
  • Reproduce asexually (fission)
  • The classification of ameboid protozoans remains controversial
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6
Q

What are the characteristics of the Phylum Foraminifera?

A
  • External test (skeleton), usually of calcite (CaCO3)
  • Tests usually a series of chambers of increasing size
  • Tests have 1 or 2 holes through which pseudopods are extended
  • Heterotrophic, but some have symbiotic algae
    Marine
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7
Q

What are the characteristics of the Phylum Radiolara?

A
  • Limited to no locomotion
  • Internal siliceous skeleton; typically with elaborate structure
  • Have axopods similar to Heliozoans, but these are not visible in dead tests
  • Heterotrophic, but some have endosymbiotic dinoflagellates
  • Marine waters only
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8
Q

What are the characteristics of the Phylum Porifera?

A
  • Multicellular, but lack true tissues
  • Asymmetrical or radial symmetry
  • Adults sessile suspension feeders
  • Internal skeleton composed of spicules (calcium carbonate or silicon dioxide) or collagen fibers
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9
Q

What are the characteristics of the Class Demospongiae (Porifera)?

A
  • Includes majority of sponges
  • Spicules composed of silicon dioxide or replaced by spongin (collagen network)
  • Nearly all have leuconoid grade of construction
  • Diverse marine and fresh water habitats
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10
Q

What are the characteristics of the Class Calcarea (Porifera)?

A
  • Spicules composed of calcium carbonate
  • Spicules not usually differentiated into mega- vs microscleres
  • Includes species with Asconoid, Synconoid, and -
    Leuconoid body forms
  • Marine
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11
Q

What are the characteristics of the Class Hexactinellida (Porifera)?

A
  • Glass Sponges
  • Spicules composed of silicon dioxide, 6-rayed; complex skeletons
  • Radially symmetric
  • Syconoid and leuconoid body forms
  • Lacks outer pinacoderm layer
  • Deep water marine
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12
Q

What are the characteristics of the Phylum Ctenophora?

A
  • Diploblastic; endoderm & ectoderm separated by mesenchyme
  • Biradial symmetry
  • Gastrovascular cavity with anal pores
  • No alternation of generations; no sessile stage
  • 8 combs (rows of ciliary plates)
  • Most with pair of long tentacles
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13
Q

What are the characteristics of the Phylum Cnidaria?

A
  • Diploblastic; endoderm & ectoderm separated by mesoglea
  • Radial symmetry
  • Presence of cnidae/nematocysts in cnidocytes (stinging cells) (see photo at right)
  • Alternation of polyploid (polyp) and medusoid generations
  • Gastrovascular cavity with single mouth/anus
  • Tissue grade organization
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14
Q

What are the characteristics of the Class Hydrozoa (Cnidaria)?

A
  • Alternation of generations: polypoid generation usually dominant
  • Medusae usually small, transparent
  • A few (fire corals) produce coral-like calcareous skeleton
  • Polyps usually colonial, with interconnected coelenterons
  • No cells in mesoglea
  • Nematocysts only in epidermis (not gastrodermis)
  • Marine and fresh waters
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15
Q

What are the characteristics of the Class Anthozoa (Cnidaria - Anemones and Corals)?

A
  • Lack medusoid stage
  • Polyps solitary or colonial
  • Coelenteron (gastrovascular cavity) subdivided by longitudinal folds of tissue
  • Tentacles in multiples of 6 or 8
  • Marine only
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16
Q

What are the characteristics of the Class Scyphozoa (Cnidaria)?

A
  • Medusoid stage predominates; polyps inconspicuous
  • Thick gelatin-like mesoglea
  • Often pigmented
17
Q

What are characteristics of the Phylum Platyhelminthes?

A
  • Triploblastic, acoelomate
  • Bilaterally symmetric
  • Cephalization; with central nervous system
  • Elongate, dorso-ventrally flattened
  • Incomplete gut (gastrovascular cavity) or lack gut
  • Free-living and parasitic forms
18
Q

What are the characteristics of the Class Turbellaria (Platyhelminthes)?

A
  • Free-living; mostly aquatic

- Epidermis ciliated

19
Q

What are the characteristics of the Class Trematoda (Platyhelinthes)?

A
  • Internal parasites with often complex life cycles
  • Epidermis forms tegument
  • Attach to host via oral and ventral suckers
20
Q

What are the characteristics of the Class Monogenea (Platyhelinthes)?

A
  • External parasites (or in open cavities) of aquatic organisms
  • Distinctive posterior attachment organ
  • Simple life cycle
21
Q

What are the characteristics of the Class Cestoda (Platyhelinthes)?

A
  • Parasites of vertebrate guts
  • Epidermis forms tegument
  • Attach to host via anterior scolex
  • Trunk (strobila) greatly elongated, consists of numerous segmented proglottids
22
Q

What are characteristics of the Phylum Rotifera?

A
  • Very small, most <1 mm.
  • Varied, complex shapes
  • Anterior end has paired coronas lined with cilia
  • Many forms are sessile, attach via posterior foot
  • Mostly fresh water; a few are parasitic
  • Most are parthenogenic
  • Without Acanthocephalans, the group is paraphyletic
    Clade that includes rotifers and acanthocephalans sometimes called Syndermata
23
Q

What are characteristics of the Phylum Chaetognatha?

A
  • Elongate, streamlined bodies
  • Lateral & caudal fins supported by rays
  • Mouth surrounded by grasping spines
  • Complete gut
  • Longitudinal but not circular muscles
  • Pelagic marine predators
24
Q

What are characteristics of the Phylum Bryozoa (Moss Animals)?

A
  • Have lophophore (ciliated O- or U-shaped ridge around mouth)
  • Three-part body plan with U-shaped gut
  • Individuals tiny (<1 mm) but form colonies (via budding)
  • Colonies have variety of forms (encrusting, branched, etc.)
  • Each individual housed in a secreted casing (Cystid)
  • Lophophore forms tentacles that can be protruded or retracted
  • Mostly marine, some fresh-water
25
Q

What are characteristics of the Phylum Brachiopoda (Lamp Shells)?

A
  • Superficially Mollusc-like, with 2-valve shell
  • One valve is dorsal, one ventral (mollusc valves are right and left)
  • Have lophophore (ciliated O- or U-shaped ridge around mouth)
  • Three-part body plan with U-shaped gut
  • Usually with stalk (pedicle) to attach to substrate
    Marine, benthic
26
Q

What are characteristics of the Phylum Annelida?

A
  • Well developed true coelom
  • Segmented (reduced or lost in some)
  • Complete digestive tract with regional specialization
  • Closed circulatory system with respiratory pigments
  • Well-developed nervous system
  • Usually with lateral chaetae (spines) on each segment
  • Marine, fresh water, and terrestrial environments
27
Q

What are characteristics of the Class Polychaeta, Subclass Errantia (Bristle Worms)?

A
  • Numerous chaetae (setae) on segments
  • Most have parapodia
  • Most have sensory tentacles and eyes on head
  • Most have chitinous jaws
  • Lack clitellum
  • Mostly marine
  • Mobile: crawl over substrates or swim
  • The monophyly of this group is not certain
28
Q

What are characteristics of the Class Polychaeta, Subclass Sedentaria (Tube and Fan-Headed Worms)?

A
  • Parapodia and chaetae often reduced or lost
  • Most are sedentary, living in burrows or secreted tubes
  • Many with feathery tentacles for feeding
  • Mostly filter feeders or suspension feeders
  • This subclass may be paraphyletic
29
Q

What are characteristics of the Class Clitellata, Subclass Oligochaeta (Earthworms)?

A
  • Few chaetae; lack parapodia
  • Little structural specialization of head
  • Presence of clitellum (forms muscus and egg cocoon)
  • Mostly in terrestrial or fresh water environments
30
Q

What are characteristics of the Class Clitellata, Subclass Hirudinomorpha (Leeches)?

A
  • Segmenting less defined; body not divided by septa
  • Clitellum present
  • Lack setae or parapodia
  • Have a posterior sucker and usually also an anterior sucker
  • Mostly in fresh water, a few are marine and semi-terrestrial
  • May be scavengers, predators, or external parasites

ZOO 2700 Invert (2 decks)

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