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BIO-181 Laboratory > Lab midterm 1 > Flashcards

Lab midterm 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Observation

A

a piece of the natural world

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2
Q

Question

A

What? Why? How?

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3
Q

Hypothesis

A

Testable, reproducible & Falsifiable (STATEMENT!!! BECAUSE)

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4
Q

Prediction

A

“if–then” reasoning

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5
Q

Experimental & Observational Tests

A

Analyze results

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6
Q

Conclusion

A

What do the results mean?

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7
Q

Scientific Method

A

Observation, question, hypothesis, prediction, experimental & observational tests, and conclusion

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8
Q

Dependent variable

A

what is measured or counted as a response

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9
Q

Independent variable

A

what is manipulated or changed in the experiment

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10
Q

Treatment group

A

independent variable is manipulated

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11
Q

Control group

A

independent variable is omitted or set at a standard

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12
Q

Positive control

A

confirms what a positive reaction looks like, makes sure the experiment is working
-is a known substance or has a known value

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13
Q

Negative control

A

confirms what a negative reaction looks like, make sure the reagents used are not contaminated
-is made up of only reagents and no substance

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14
Q

Osmosis

A

the movement of water from low concentration to high concentration

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15
Q

in osmosis water move to where?

A

water moves to dilute the solute

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16
Q

Tonicity

A

refers to the ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water

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17
Q

Isotonic

A

the concentration of the solution is equal to the concentration of the cell; No NET water movement

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18
Q

Hypotonic

A

the concentration of the solution is lower than the concentration of the cell. Water moves INTO the cell; expands

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19
Q

Hypertonic

A

the concentration of the solution is higher than the concentration of the cell. Water moves OUT of the cell; shrinks

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20
Q

Egg experiment

A

it barely change so it is isotonic

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21
Q

The weight of the potato

A

the water moves into the cells causing the potato to gain weight,

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22
Q

Potato experiment

A

As the sugar concentration is decreasing the weight of the potato will increase because water moves into the potato and cause it to gain weight.

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23
Q

resolution power

A

the ability of a lens to distinguish between two separate objects,

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24
Q

How to increase resolution?

A

Adjust the fine or coarse adjustment knobs

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25
Q

What are the objective lenses?

A

Parfocal and Parcentral

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26
Q

Parfocal

A

the image remains in focus when switching to next highest objective (use focus knob for slight adjustment)

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27
Q

Parcentral

A

whatever is in the center of the field of view will remain in the center, when switching objective (Google map)

28
Q

Ocular lens

A

allows a specimen to be viewed from a comfortable distance, has magnification capability of 10X

29
Q

Objective lens

A

close to the object, magnify the specimen, objective lenses magnify at objects at different powers; 4X, 10X, 40X, and 100X

30
Q

Total magnification power (MP)

A

magnification of the ocular lens times magnification of the objective lens (OCL x OBL)

31
Q

Determine object occupies % of diameter?

A

multiply by diameter of field of view OR divide diameter by the number across

32
Q

Polymers

A

chains of 3 to millions of monomers

33
Q

Monomers

A

individual subunits when strung together like beads on a string, or blocks in a castle create complex polymers

34
Q

What are Fats?

A

they are structure varies

34
Q

What are Fats?

A

they are structure varies

35
Q

Examples of polymers that made up of monomers

A

Carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic

36
Q

building organic compounds

A

condensation combines monomers to form polymers

37
Q

Benedict

A

carbohydrate(simple sugar), reducing sugars, +; green, yellow, orange, brown, red, -; light blue

38
Q

Lugol’s Iodine

A

carbohydrate(starch), +; dark blue/black precipitate, -; clear yellow, orange, brown

39
Q

Biuret

A

amino acid (protein), +; violet, -; light blue, clear

40
Q

Grease spot/ brown paper test

A

fat-lipids, water insoluble substance, +; grease spot remain, -; no stain remains

41
Q

Benedict for reducing sugars

A

the aldehyde or ketone present in a reducing sugar reduces the copper in the Biuret solution and when heated, turns it from blue to green-yellow-orange-red.

42
Q

Lugol for starch

A

Iodine slides into starch coli to give a blue-black color -precipitates as a solid

43
Q

Biuret for protein

A

the nitrogen present in peptide bonds reacts with the copper in the Biuret solution turning it from light blue to deep violet

44
Q

Grease spot for Fats

A

lipids are hydrophobic and do not evaporate, water evaporates leaving the oil/fat behind

45
Q

Brownian motion

A

matter is in constant and random motion, move from high to low concentration

46
Q

Diffusion

A

Particles move from high to low concentration

47
Q

Solution

A

a liquid consisting of a uniform mixture of two or more substances

48
Q

Solvent

A

the substance that does the dissolving

49
Q

Solute

A

the substance that is dissolved

50
Q

Factors affecting diffusion

A

size of diffusing molecule, concentration of the molecule, availability of space, lipids solubility of diffusing molecule

51
Q

Cell fractionation

A

the process by which mitochondrial protein is isolated; breakdown of tissue; separates the major organelles by weight

52
Q

Homogenizer

A

blender the tissue

53
Q

Bradford Assay

A

coomassie blue dye binds to protein in direct relationship; the darker the dye becomes indicates the greater concentrations of protein

54
Q

Spectrophotometer

A

measures how much a chemical substance absorbs/transmits light by measuring the intensity of light passes through sample solution

55
Q

Standard Curve

A

determine the value of an unknown quantity from one that is known; quantifies the amount of protein; Y=mX+b

56
Q

Dilution factor

A

x50 then will get final concentrations

57
Q

aerobic respiration

A

presence of oxygen as e- acceptor; 38 ATP; performed by eukaryotic; glycolysis yields 2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate; goes from cytosolto mitochondria efficient

58
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

absence oxygen; 2 ATP; performed by prokaryotic(yeast) and eukaryotic(muscles); yields 2ATP, 2 ethanol, 2CO2 or lactate; only in cytosol; inefficient

59
Q

Prokaryotic cell

A

take place within the cytoplasm or on the inner surfaces of thee cells

60
Q

Eukaryotic cell

A

take place in mitochondria

61
Q

Both aerobic and anaerobic

A

requires glucose and the use of 2 ATP; modes of generating energy

62
Q

Alcohol Fermentation Yeasts

A

process used by yeast to produce ATP in the absence of oxygen; pyruvate from glycolysis is converted to ethanol and carbon dioxide; serves to regenerate NAD+ to be used in glycolysis

63
Q

Respirometer

A

the rate of alcohol fermentation is measured of amount CO2 produced

64
Q

Respirometer equation

A

Yeast + glucose = CO2 + Ethanol

BIO-181 Laboratory (1 decks)

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