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BIO-181 Laboratory > Lab midterm 1 > Flashcards

Lab midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Observation

A

a piece of the natural world

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2
Q

Question

A

What? Why? How?

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3
Q

Hypothesis

A

Testable, reproducible & Falsifiable (STATEMENT!!! BECAUSE)

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4
Q

Prediction

A

“if–then” reasoning

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5
Q

Experimental & Observational Tests

A

Analyze results

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6
Q

Conclusion

A

What do the results mean?

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7
Q

Scientific Method

A

Observation, question, hypothesis, prediction, experimental & observational tests, and conclusion

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8
Q

Dependent variable

A

what is measured or counted as a response

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9
Q

Independent variable

A

what is manipulated or changed in the experiment

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10
Q

Treatment group

A

independent variable is manipulated

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11
Q

Control group

A

independent variable is omitted or set at a standard

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12
Q

Positive control

A

confirms what a positive reaction looks like, makes sure the experiment is working
-is a known substance or has a known value

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13
Q

Negative control

A

confirms what a negative reaction looks like, make sure the reagents used are not contaminated
-is made up of only reagents and no substance

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14
Q

Osmosis

A

the movement of water from low concentration to high concentration

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15
Q

in osmosis water move to where?

A

water moves to dilute the solute

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16
Q

Tonicity

A

refers to the ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water

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17
Q

Isotonic

A

the concentration of the solution is equal to the concentration of the cell; No NET water movement

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18
Q

Hypotonic

A

the concentration of the solution is lower than the concentration of the cell. Water moves INTO the cell; expands

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19
Q

Hypertonic

A

the concentration of the solution is higher than the concentration of the cell. Water moves OUT of the cell; shrinks

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20
Q

Egg experiment

A

it barely change so it is isotonic

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21
Q

The weight of the potato

A

the water moves into the cells causing the potato to gain weight,

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22
Q

Potato experiment

A

As the sugar concentration is decreasing the weight of the potato will increase because water moves into the potato and cause it to gain weight.

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23
Q

resolution power

A

the ability of a lens to distinguish between two separate objects,

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24
Q

How to increase resolution?

A

Adjust the fine or coarse adjustment knobs

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25
What are the objective lenses?
Parfocal and Parcentral
26
Parfocal
the image remains in focus when switching to next highest objective (use focus knob for slight adjustment)
27
Parcentral
whatever is in the center of the field of view will remain in the center, when switching objective (Google map)
28
Ocular lens
allows a specimen to be viewed from a comfortable distance, has magnification capability of 10X
29
Objective lens
close to the object, magnify the specimen, objective lenses magnify at objects at different powers; 4X, 10X, 40X, and 100X
30
Total magnification power (MP)
magnification of the ocular lens times magnification of the objective lens (OCL x OBL)
31
Determine object occupies % of diameter?
multiply by diameter of field of view OR divide diameter by the number across
32
Polymers
chains of 3 to millions of monomers
33
Monomers
individual subunits when strung together like beads on a string, or blocks in a castle create complex polymers
34
What are Fats?
they are structure varies
34
What are Fats?
they are structure varies
35
Examples of polymers that made up of monomers
Carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic
36
building organic compounds
condensation combines monomers to form polymers
37
Benedict
carbohydrate(simple sugar), reducing sugars, +; green, yellow, orange, brown, red, -; light blue
38
Lugol's Iodine
carbohydrate(starch), +; dark blue/black precipitate, -; clear yellow, orange, brown
39
Biuret
amino acid (protein), +; violet, -; light blue, clear
40
Grease spot/ brown paper test
fat-lipids, water insoluble substance, +; grease spot remain, -; no stain remains
41
Benedict for reducing sugars
the aldehyde or ketone present in a reducing sugar reduces the copper in the Biuret solution and when heated, turns it from blue to green-yellow-orange-red.
42
Lugol for starch
Iodine slides into starch coli to give a blue-black color -precipitates as a solid
43
Biuret for protein
the nitrogen present in peptide bonds reacts with the copper in the Biuret solution turning it from light blue to deep violet
44
Grease spot for Fats
lipids are hydrophobic and do not evaporate, water evaporates leaving the oil/fat behind
45
Brownian motion
matter is in constant and random motion, move from high to low concentration
46
Diffusion
Particles move from high to low concentration
47
Solution
a liquid consisting of a uniform mixture of two or more substances
48
Solvent
the substance that does the dissolving
49
Solute
the substance that is dissolved
50
Factors affecting diffusion
size of diffusing molecule, concentration of the molecule, availability of space, lipids solubility of diffusing molecule
51
Cell fractionation
the process by which mitochondrial protein is isolated; breakdown of tissue; separates the major organelles by weight
52
Homogenizer
blender the tissue
53
Bradford Assay
coomassie blue dye binds to protein in direct relationship; the darker the dye becomes indicates the greater concentrations of protein
54
Spectrophotometer
measures how much a chemical substance absorbs/transmits light by measuring the intensity of light passes through sample solution
55
Standard Curve
determine the value of an unknown quantity from one that is known; quantifies the amount of protein; Y=mX+b
56
Dilution factor
x50 then will get final concentrations
57
aerobic respiration
presence of oxygen as e- acceptor; 38 ATP; performed by eukaryotic; glycolysis yields 2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate; goes from cytosolto mitochondria efficient
58
Anaerobic respiration
absence oxygen; 2 ATP; performed by prokaryotic(yeast) and eukaryotic(muscles); yields 2ATP, 2 ethanol, 2CO2 or lactate; only in cytosol; inefficient
59
Prokaryotic cell
take place within the cytoplasm or on the inner surfaces of thee cells
60
Eukaryotic cell
take place in mitochondria
61
Both aerobic and anaerobic
requires glucose and the use of 2 ATP; modes of generating energy
62
Alcohol Fermentation Yeasts
process used by yeast to produce ATP in the absence of oxygen; pyruvate from glycolysis is converted to ethanol and carbon dioxide; serves to regenerate NAD+ to be used in glycolysis
63
Respirometer
the rate of alcohol fermentation is measured of amount CO2 produced
64
Respirometer equation
Yeast + glucose = CO2 + Ethanol

BIO-181 Laboratory (1 decks)

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