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Biology 190B Lab Final > Lab Manual > Flashcards

Lab Manual Flashcards

1
Q

Dermal Tissue Cell Types

A

epidermal cells, covers entire body

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2
Q

Vascular tissue cell types

A

xylem and phloem, continuous throughout plant

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3
Q

Ground tissue cell types

A

parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma. Between dermal and vascular tissue.

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4
Q

Two Main plant systems and what they do

A

Shoot system- stems, leaves, photosynthesis,vegetative or reproductive

Root system-anchor, food storage, mineral and water absorption

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5
Q

Stele

A

vascular tissue of root and stem

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6
Q

Parenchyma

A
  • least specialized
  • thin/flexible primary cell walls
  • most lack secondary cell walls
  • protoplast w/ large central vacuole
  • alive at maturity
  • metabolic functions: photosynthesis, starch storage in stems and roots, fleshy tissue of fruit, developing cells,repair and replacement of organs
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7
Q

Collenchyma

A
  • support young shoot without restraining growth
  • thicker primary walls than parenchyma, uneven thickness, lack lignin
  • no secondary cell walls
  • alive and flexible at functional maturity
  • grouped in strands/cylinders
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8
Q

Sclerenchyma cells

A
  • support
  • thick, lignin secondary cell walls
  • more rigid than collenchyma
  • many dead at functional maturity
  • occur in regions that have stopped growing
  • fibers:long, slender, tapered, in groups
  • sclereids:shorter, irregular shape
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9
Q

Xylem

A

vascular tissue

  • water and mineral transport-ROOTS TO SHOOTS
  • tracheids and vessel elements: elongated cells dead at functional maturity, secondary walls interrupted by pits
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10
Q

Phloem

A

Vascular tissue

  • organic compound transport: SOURCE TO SINK
  • sieve tube members: chains of cells, alive at functional maturity but no nucleus, ribosomes or distinct vacuole, in angiosperms: sieve plates with pores
  • companion cells:non-conduction, support for sievetube members. connected to sievetube members by plasmodemata, may help load sugar into sievetube member
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11
Q

Organ

A

specialized centre of body function composed of several different types of tissue

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12
Q

Tissue

A

integrated group of cells with common structure and function

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13
Q

Cell structures not in animals

A

chloroplasts, cell wall, plasmodesmata, tonoplast, central vacuole

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14
Q

Monocot

A

one cotyledon (seed leaf)

eg. orchids, palms, grasses

parallel veins, scattered vascular tissue,fibrous root system (no taproot/mainroot), one opening on pollen grain,floral organs in multiples of three

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15
Q

Eudicot

A

Two cotyledons

e.g. roses, sunflowers, oaks, maples, peas

veins netlike, vascular tissue organized in ring, taproot present, 3 openings in pollen grain,floral organs in multiples of 4s or 5s

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16
Q

A

Helianthus stem c.s.

Eudicot stem

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17
Q

A

Corn stem c.s.

Monocot stem

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18
Q

A

Eudicot Root c.s.

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19
Q

A

monocot root c.s.

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20
Q

A

Monocot leaf c.s.

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21
Q

A

Dicot leaf c.s.

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22
Q

Chloroplasts

A
  • mainly in mesophylll
  • 30-40/cell
  • .5million/mm squared
  • bounded by 2 membranes
  • contain stroma (dense fluid surround grana) and thylakoids(interconnected membranous sacs)
  • grana: stack of thylakoid sacs
  • chlorophyll (in thylakoid membrane, green pigment)
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23
Q

2 stages of photosynthesis

A

light reactions (photo) and Calvin cycle (dark reactions) (synthesis)

24
Q

Chlorophyll A absorbs and reflects____

A

absorbs: blue-violet, red
reflects: blue-green

25
Q

Chl b absorbs___, reflects____.

A

absorbs: blue and orange
reflects: yellow-green

26
Q

Carotenoids absorbs___, reflects_____.

A

absorbs: violet and blue-green
reflects: yellow-orange

27
Q

General equation for photosynethsis

A

CO2 + H2O–> [CH2O] + O2

28
Q

Chlorophyll A function

A

participates directly in light reactions converting solar energy to chemical energy

29
Q

Chlorophyll b function

A

absorbs light energy and transfers to chl a. almost structurally identical to chl a, some differences allow diff wavelengths of light to be absorbed

30
Q

Carotenoid function

A

Absorbs wavelengths that chlorophyll cannot, absorbs lgiht energy and transfers it to chl a.

31
Q

Why are leaves red in the fall

A

carotenoids’ red colour is predominant when leaf cells stop synthesizing chlorophyll in fall.

32
Q

Circulatory system function

A
  • maintain homeostasis
  • mass transport of solute and cells
  • transport of heat
  • transmission of force
33
Q

Circulatory system components

A

pump(s), vessels, circulatory fluid

34
Q

Single circulation

A

fish

35
Q

Double Circulation

A

reptiles, birds, amphibians, mammals

36
Q

Amphibians circulatory system

A

pulmocutaneous circuit

37
Q

Reptile (not birds) circulatory system

A

double circulation, pulmonary circuit, incomplete septum

38
Q

Mammals and birds circulatory system

A

pulmonary circuit, double circulation, separate pulmonary and systemic circuits, pressure differeces possible

39
Q
A
40
Q

cardiac output

A

heart rate x stroke volume

41
Q

cardiac cycle

A

one completely sequence of pumping and filling, inherent activity of heart,can be modified by outside influences

42
Q

systole

A

heart muscle contracts, chambers pump blood

43
Q

diastole

A

heart muscle is relaxed, chambers fill with blood

44
Q

Regulation of cardiac cycle

A
  1. SA node signals spread through atria
  2. signals delayed at AV node
  3. bundle branches pass signal to heart apex
  4. signals spread through ventricles
45
Q

Blood Vessels

A

arteries, arterioles

  • carry blood AWAY from heart, TO capillaries
  • arterioles: small branches of arteries, carry blood to capillaries

Capillaries

  • microscopic vessels that penetrate tissues
  • single layer of cells that allow exchange between blood and interstitial fluid

Veins

return blood to heart from capillaries, one way valves ensure direction of blood flow towards heart

Venules

convey blood between capillary bed and vein

46
Q

How does blood return to heart?

A

contraction of skeletal muscles

47
Q

Stethoscope

A

Cup side- heart sounds

disk side- blood flow in arteries of arm

48
Q
A
49
Q

Heart Sounds

A

LUBB-DUP

Lubb- low pitched, closing valves between atria and ventricles/ contraction of ventricular muscles

Dup-louder/shorter, closing of semilunar valves

50
Q

ECG traces

P, Q,R,S,T

A

P-atrial depolarization

QRS-ventricular depolarization

T-ventricular repolarization

51
Q

Daphnia

A

ectotherm, poikilotherm (cannot regulate body temp except by behavioral means)

52
Q

Effect of adrenalin and acetylcholine

A

adrenaline: accelerates heart (in daphnia low conc. causes slowing, high causes faster)
acetylcholine: inhibits heart (stimulates heart in other arthropods)

53
Q

Effect of Ca and K

A

Ca=increases muscle contraction

K=decreases heart rate, Ca channels close

54
Q

Problems with Sensory Systems

A
  • converting stimulus energy into neuronal signal
  • encoding info about stimulus
  • interpretation of information
55
Q

Sensation

A
  • triggered by sensory stimuli
  • travels to brain as action potentials (APs) via sensory pathways
56
Q

Perception

A
  • ability to discriminate various aspects of stimulus
  • meaningful interpretation of sensory data

Biology 190B Lab Final (2 decks)

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