Lab Manual Flashcards
Dermal Tissue Cell Types
epidermal cells, covers entire body
Vascular tissue cell types
xylem and phloem, continuous throughout plant
Ground tissue cell types
parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma. Between dermal and vascular tissue.
Two Main plant systems and what they do
Shoot system- stems, leaves, photosynthesis,vegetative or reproductive
Root system-anchor, food storage, mineral and water absorption
Stele
vascular tissue of root and stem
Parenchyma
- least specialized
- thin/flexible primary cell walls
- most lack secondary cell walls
- protoplast w/ large central vacuole
- alive at maturity
- metabolic functions: photosynthesis, starch storage in stems and roots, fleshy tissue of fruit, developing cells,repair and replacement of organs
Collenchyma
- support young shoot without restraining growth
- thicker primary walls than parenchyma, uneven thickness, lack lignin
- no secondary cell walls
- alive and flexible at functional maturity
- grouped in strands/cylinders
Sclerenchyma cells
- support
- thick, lignin secondary cell walls
- more rigid than collenchyma
- many dead at functional maturity
- occur in regions that have stopped growing
- fibers:long, slender, tapered, in groups
- sclereids:shorter, irregular shape
Xylem
vascular tissue
- water and mineral transport-ROOTS TO SHOOTS
- tracheids and vessel elements: elongated cells dead at functional maturity, secondary walls interrupted by pits
Phloem
Vascular tissue
- organic compound transport: SOURCE TO SINK
- sieve tube members: chains of cells, alive at functional maturity but no nucleus, ribosomes or distinct vacuole, in angiosperms: sieve plates with pores
- companion cells:non-conduction, support for sievetube members. connected to sievetube members by plasmodemata, may help load sugar into sievetube member
Organ
specialized centre of body function composed of several different types of tissue
Tissue
integrated group of cells with common structure and function
Cell structures not in animals
chloroplasts, cell wall, plasmodesmata, tonoplast, central vacuole
Monocot
one cotyledon (seed leaf)
eg. orchids, palms, grasses
parallel veins, scattered vascular tissue,fibrous root system (no taproot/mainroot), one opening on pollen grain,floral organs in multiples of three
Eudicot
Two cotyledons
e.g. roses, sunflowers, oaks, maples, peas
veins netlike, vascular tissue organized in ring, taproot present, 3 openings in pollen grain,floral organs in multiples of 4s or 5s
Chloroplasts
- mainly in mesophylll
- 30-40/cell
- .5million/mm squared
- bounded by 2 membranes
- contain stroma (dense fluid surround grana) and thylakoids(interconnected membranous sacs)
- grana: stack of thylakoid sacs
- chlorophyll (in thylakoid membrane, green pigment)
2 stages of photosynthesis
light reactions (photo) and Calvin cycle (dark reactions) (synthesis)
Chlorophyll A absorbs and reflects____
absorbs: blue-violet, red
reflects: blue-green
Chl b absorbs___, reflects____.
absorbs: blue and orange
reflects: yellow-green
Carotenoids absorbs___, reflects_____.
absorbs: violet and blue-green
reflects: yellow-orange
General equation for photosynethsis
CO2 + H2O–> [CH2O] + O2
Chlorophyll A function
participates directly in light reactions converting solar energy to chemical energy
Chlorophyll b function
absorbs light energy and transfers to chl a. almost structurally identical to chl a, some differences allow diff wavelengths of light to be absorbed
Carotenoid function
Absorbs wavelengths that chlorophyll cannot, absorbs lgiht energy and transfers it to chl a.
Why are leaves red in the fall
carotenoids’ red colour is predominant when leaf cells stop synthesizing chlorophyll in fall.
Circulatory system function
- maintain homeostasis
- mass transport of solute and cells
- transport of heat
- transmission of force
Circulatory system components
pump(s), vessels, circulatory fluid
Single circulation
fish
Double Circulation
reptiles, birds, amphibians, mammals
Amphibians circulatory system
pulmocutaneous circuit
Reptile (not birds) circulatory system
double circulation, pulmonary circuit, incomplete septum
Mammals and birds circulatory system
pulmonary circuit, double circulation, separate pulmonary and systemic circuits, pressure differeces possible
cardiac output
heart rate x stroke volume
cardiac cycle
one completely sequence of pumping and filling, inherent activity of heart,can be modified by outside influences
systole
heart muscle contracts, chambers pump blood
diastole
heart muscle is relaxed, chambers fill with blood
Regulation of cardiac cycle
- SA node signals spread through atria
- signals delayed at AV node
- bundle branches pass signal to heart apex
- signals spread through ventricles
Blood Vessels
arteries, arterioles
- carry blood AWAY from heart, TO capillaries
- arterioles: small branches of arteries, carry blood to capillaries
Capillaries
- microscopic vessels that penetrate tissues
- single layer of cells that allow exchange between blood and interstitial fluid
Veins
return blood to heart from capillaries, one way valves ensure direction of blood flow towards heart
Venules
convey blood between capillary bed and vein
How does blood return to heart?
contraction of skeletal muscles
Stethoscope
Cup side- heart sounds
disk side- blood flow in arteries of arm
Heart Sounds
LUBB-DUP
Lubb- low pitched, closing valves between atria and ventricles/ contraction of ventricular muscles
Dup-louder/shorter, closing of semilunar valves
ECG traces
P, Q,R,S,T
P-atrial depolarization
QRS-ventricular depolarization
T-ventricular repolarization
Daphnia
ectotherm, poikilotherm (cannot regulate body temp except by behavioral means)
Effect of adrenalin and acetylcholine
adrenaline: accelerates heart (in daphnia low conc. causes slowing, high causes faster)
acetylcholine: inhibits heart (stimulates heart in other arthropods)
Effect of Ca and K
Ca=increases muscle contraction
K=decreases heart rate, Ca channels close
Problems with Sensory Systems
- converting stimulus energy into neuronal signal
- encoding info about stimulus
- interpretation of information
Sensation
- triggered by sensory stimuli
- travels to brain as action potentials (APs) via sensory pathways
Perception
- ability to discriminate various aspects of stimulus
- meaningful interpretation of sensory data
